Mankind and Mother Earth- A Narrative History of the World

680 Pages·2016·0.84 MB·English

by  Toynbee Arnold

^c^
IS^
Digitized by the Internet Archive
2010
in
http://www.archive.org/details/mankindmotherearOOtoyn

Mankind
and Mother Earth
A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF
THE WORLD
Arnold Toynbee
1976
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
© 1976Oxford UniversityPress
LibraryofCongressCatalogueCardNumber: 76-4651
Printedin theUnitedStatesofAmerica
93
72072
76- EA 131
Cfevehnd Public Library
CONTENTS
Page
Preface vii
Chapter 1 Riddles in the Phenomena I
2 The Biosphere 5
3 The Descent ofMan 21
4 The Oikoumene 27
5 Technological Revolutions, c. 70,000/40,000 B.C.-3000 b.c. 38
6 TheOpening-upoftheTigris-EuphratesAlluviumandthe
Creation ofthe Sumerian Civilization 50
7 The Opening-up ofthe NiloticAlluvium and the Creation
ofthe Pharaonic Egyptian Civilization 56
8 Sumer and Akkad, c. 3000-2230 e.g. 64
9 Pharaonic Egypt, c. 3000-2181 e.g. 70
10 The Ecumenical Horizon, c. 2500-2000 e.g. 77
11 The Old-World Oikoumene, c. 2140-1730 e.g. 85
12 The Domestication ofthe Horse and the Invention of
Pastoral Nomadism on the Eurasian Steppe 91
1 RelationsbetweenRegionalCivilizations,c. 1730-1250e.g. 94
14 The Volkerwanderung in the Old World, c. 1250-950 e.g. 107
15 The Emergence of the 'Olmec' Civilization in Meso-
America 117
16 The Sumero-Akkadian World and Egypt, c. 950-745 e.g. 119
17 The Syrian Civilization, c. 1191-745 e.g. 125
18 The Hellenic Civilization, c. 1050-750 e.g. 137
1 The Indian (Hindu) Civilization, c. 1000-600 e.g. 141
20 The Chinese Civilization, 1027-506 e.g. 144
21 The Meso-American and Andean Civilizations, c. 800-
400 E.G. 146
22 The Final Bout ofAssyrian Militarism, 745-605 e.g., and
the Contemporary Eruption from the Steppes 149
23 The Aftermath ofAssyrian Militarism, 605-522 e.g. 158
24 The Hellenic Civilization, c. 750-507 e.g. 166
iv Mankind and Mother Earth
Page
25 New Departures in Spiritual Life, c. 600-480 B.C. 176
26 The First Persian Empire, c. 550-330 B.C. 184
27 The Confrontation between the First Persian Empire and
the Hellenic World, 499-330 b.c. 190
28 The Hellenic Civilization's Cultural Achievements, 478-
338 B.C. 195
29 The Political Aftermath ofAlexander's Overthrow ofthe
First Persian Empire, 329-221 B.C. 199
30 The Development and Dissemination of the Hellenic
Civilization, 334-221 b.c. 204
31 The Warring States ofChina, 506-221 b.c. 210
32 The Competing Philosophies in China, 506-221 b.c. 217
33 The Indian Civilization, c. 600-200 B.C. 222
34 The Struggle for the Mastery ofthe Western Basin ofthe
Mediterranean, c. 600-221 B.C. 230
35 The Gh'in and Western Han Imperial Regimes in China,
221 B.c.-A.D. 9 242
36 The Mediterranean Basin, South-West Asia, and India,
221 B.c.-A.D. 48 251
37 The Chinese, Kushan, Parthian, and Roman Empires,
31 B.c.-A.D. 220 272
38 The Interplay of Religions and Philosophies in the Old-
World Oikoumene, 334 b.c.-c. a.d. 220 286
39 TheMeso-AmericanandAndeanCivilizations,c. 400b.c-
a.d. 300 302
40 TheWestern End ofthe Old-World Oikoumene, a.d. 220-
395 306
41 The Indian Civilization, c. a.d. 224-490 316
42 The Eruption of the Huns from the Eurasian Steppe in
the Fourth and Fifth Centuries a.d. 320
43 The Roman and Persian Empires, a.d. 395-628 324
44 Western Christendom, 395-634 333
45 TheEstablishmentandDisruptionoftheChristianChurch,
312-657 340
46 The Indian Civilization, 490-647 349
47 The Political Disruption of China and her Reception of
Buddhism, 220-589 352
48 The Meso-American andAndean Civilizations, c. 300-900 360
49 The Prophet and Statesman Muhammad, c. 570-632 363
50 The Expansion ofthe Islamic State, 633-750 369
51 The Rejuvenation ofthe East Roman Empire, 628-726 375
52 Western Christendom, 634-756 380
53 Eastern Asia, 589-763 385
54 The Islamic World, 750-945 389
55 The Byzantine Civilization, 726-927/8 395
56 Western Christendom, 756-911 400
Contents v
Page
57 The Eruption ofthe Scandinavians, 793-1000 404
58 India and South-East Asia, 647-1202 408
59 Eastern Asia, 763-1126 415
60 The Meso-American and Andean Civilizations, c. 900-
1428 422
61 The Islamic World, 945-1110 426
62 The Byzantine World, 927/8-1071 432
63 Western Christendom, 911-1099 439
64 The Islamic World, 1110-1291 446
65 The Byzantine World, 1071-1240 451
66 Western Christendom, 1099-1321 456
67 Eastern Asia, 1126-1281 465
68 The Mongols and their Successors 468
69 The Islamic World, 1291-1555 476
70 Eastern Orthodox Christendom, 1240-1556 486
71 Western Christendom, 1321-1563 492
72 South-East Asia, 1190-1511 507
73 Eastern Asia, 1281-1644 510
74 The Meso-American andAndean Civilizations, 1428-1519 517
75 The Coalescence ofthe Oikoumene, 1405-1652 524
76 The Western Civilization, 1563-1763 536
77 Eastern Orthodox Christendom, 1556-1768 546
78 The Islamic World, 1555-1768 551
79 Eastern Asia, 1644-1839 557
80 The Biosphere, 1763-1871 562
81 The Biosphere, 1871-1973 575
A
82 Retrospect in 1973 589
Index 597
Maps at end ofbook
MAPS
{at end ofbook)
The Physical Setting ofthe CiviHzations
Sumer and Akkad
South-West Asia, Egypt, and the Aegean in the Eighteenth CenturyB.C.
The Ancient Greek World
The Achaemenian Empire at the Time ofDarius
The Contending States ofthe Sinic World in the Post-Confucian Age
The Mauryan Empire
The Han, Kushan, Parthian, and Roman Empires, a.d. ioo
The Emergence ofthe East Roman Empire out ofthe Roman Empire
The Rise ofIslam 622-733
The Carolingians 800-900
The Distribution oftheJudaic Rehgions in Europe and South-West
Asia on the Eve ofthe Mongol Explosion
The Mongol Empire c.1310
The Meso-American and Andean Civilizations f.1500
The Great Powers ofthe Western World in 1672