Manipulation of Growth in Farm Animals: A Seminar in the CEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production, held in Brussels December 13–14, 1982

314 Pages·1984·7.36 MB·English

by  R. J. Heitzman

MANIPULATION OF GROWTH IN FARM ANIMALS
CURRENT TOPICS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
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MANIPULATION
OF GROWTH
IN FARM ANIMALS
A Seminar in the CEC Programme of Coordination
of Research on Beef Production, held in Brussels,
December 13-14, 1982
Sponsored by the Commission of the European
Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture,
Coordination of Agricultural Research
Edited by
1.F. Roche and D. O'Callaghan
University College Dublin
Veterinary Field Station
Ballycoolin Road
Finglas, Dublin 11
Ireland
1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main·J.·!J :,:e:rtitl€'.::
Manipulation of growth in farm anima1s
Current topics in veterinary medicine and animal
science)
"Sponsored by the Commission of the European
Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture,
Coordination of Agricultura1 Research."
"Pub1ication arranged by: Commission of the
European Communities, Directorate-General, Information
Market, and Innovation"--T.p. verso.
1. Li ve8 tück--Growth--Cc>Ilgrebties. ? A!lCibGlic
steroids in anima1 nutrition--Congresses. I. Roche, J'. F.
11. O'Cal1aghan, D. 111. Commission of the European
Communities. Coordination of Agricultural Research.
IV. Commission of the European Communities. Directorate
General, Information, Market, and Innovation. V. Series.
SF768.M34 1984 636.08'5 83-23713
ISBN 978-94-010-9484-9 ISBN 978-94-010-9482-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-9482-5
EUR 8919 EN
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Publication arranged by: Commission of the European Communities, Diree
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CONTENTS
PREFACE IX
SESSION I
RECENT STUDIES ON PHARMACOKINETICS AND RESIDUES OF
ANABOLIC AGENTS IN BEEF CATTLE AND OTHER FARM ANIMALS
R.J. Heitzman, A. Carter, S.N. Dixon, D.J. Harwood and
M. Phillips 1
Discussion 15
ASPECTS ON TOLERANCE LEVELS OF ANABOLIC AGENTS WITH
SEXHOfu~ONE LIKE ACTIVITIES IN EDIBLE ANIMAL TISSUES
B. Hoffmann 17
Discussion 32
RESIDUES AND CLEARANCE OF ANABOLIC AGENTS IN VEAL
CALVES
H. Karg, H.H.D. Meyer, K. Vogt, M Landwehr, B. Hoffmann
and D. Schopper 34
Discussion 61
General Discussion 62
SESSION II
NEW DATA ON METABOLISM OF ANABOLIC AGENTS
A.G. Rico and V. Burgat Sacaze 72
Discussion 83
RECENT STUDIES WITH ANABOLIC AGENTS IN STEERS AND
BULLS
M. O'Lamhna and J.F. Roche 85
Discussion 95
THE EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC AGENTS ON THE FIBERS OF THE
L. dorsi MUSCLE, OF MALE CATTLE
M.J. Clancy, J.M. Lester and J.F. Roche 100
Discussion III
CARCASS QUALITY OF VEAL CALVES GIVEN ANABOLIC AGENTS
E.J. van Weerden 112
VI
EFFECT OF IMMUNISATION AGAINST SOMATOSTATIN ON
GROWTH RATE OF LAMBS
G.S.G. Spencer 122
Discussion 134
IMMUNOLOGICAL CASTRATION OF YOUNG BULLS FOR BEEF
PRODUCTION
I.S. Robertson, J.C. Wilson, H.M. Fraser, G.M. Innes
and A.S. Jones 137
Discussion 146
General Discussion 147
SESSION III
ENDOCRINE REGULATION OF GROWTH IN RUMINANTS
S.L. Davis, K.L. Hossner and D.L. Ohlson 151
Discussion 179
MODES OF ACTION IN MANIPULATING RUMEN FUNCTION
G.T. Schelling 184
Discussion 208
THE MODE OF ACTION OF ANABOLIC AGENTS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THEIR EFFECTS ON PROTEIN METABOLISM -
SOME SPECULATIONS
P.J. Buttery and P.A. Sinnett-Smith 211
Discussion 229
EFFECT OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS AND GROWTH HORMONE ON
MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT IN HEIFERS
K. Sejrsen 233
Discussion 242
SESSION IV
PHOTOPERIODISM AND HORMONES IN SHEEP AND GOATS
M. Terqui, C. Delouis and R. Ortavant 246
Discussion 258
EFFECT OF EXTENDED PHOTOPERIOD ON THE GROWTH OF
SHEEP
B.R. Brinklow and J.M. Forbes 260
Discussion 274
VII
HORMONAL AND PHOTOPERODIC CONTROL OF GROWTH
B.D. Schanbacher 275
Discussion 287
PHOTOPERIODIC EFFECT ON GROWTH AND FEED CONSUMPTION
OF YOUNG BULLS
M. Tang S¢rensen 289
Discussion 300
General Discussion 301
Summary and Conclusions 305
PRE F ACE
This publication contains the proceedings of a
workshop held at C.E.C. headquarters, Brussels, December
13th and 14th 1982, under the auspices of the Commission
of the European Communities, as part of the EEC programme
on co-ordination of research in beef production. The
aim of the workshop was to update the existing position
as regards use, safety, metabolism and residues of
anabolic agents. The endocrine control of growth was
discussed and alternative methods to increase growth
were outlined. The organiser of the workshop was
Dr. J.F. Roche (IRL) in conjunction with Mr. J. Connell
of C.E.C.
Thanks are due to all the people who helped to make
this a very successful workshop. The sessions were
chaired by Professor B. Hoffmann, Professor H. Karg,
Dr. R.J. Heitzman and Dr. J.F. Roche.
RECENT STUDIES ON PHARMACOKINETICS AND RESIDUES OF
ANABOLIC AGENTS IN BEEF CATTLE AND OTHER
FARM ANIMALS
R. J. Heitzman, A. Carter, S.N. Dixon, D.J. Harwood and
M. Phillips
Agricultural Research Council,
Institute for Research on Animal Diseases,
Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, U.K., RGI6 ONN.
ABSTRACT
Research on measurement of residues and pharmacokinetics
of zeranol, trenbolone, oestradiol, testosterone and
progesterone and also the stilbenes DES and hexoestrol has
progressed. New data on residue concentrations of anabolic
agents are listed and the introduction of new developments
in assay techniques described. Radioirrmunoassay (RIA) is
still the most widely used method for residue measurement
and there have been new advances in the production of both
polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for zeranol, trenbolone
and 17~-OH trenbolone, the major metabolite of trenbolone.
Data on the absorption and half-lives of endogenous
steroids from compressed pellets is reviewed. Investigations
are proceeding into the metabolism of trenbolone and zeranol
by the liver and their clearance into the bile of ruminants
is being measured. The metabolism of trenbolone in ruminants
was shown to be substantially different from that seen in rats,
pigs, guinea pigs, rabbits and humans.
INTRODUCTION
Techniques for the measurement of residues of anabolic
agents in farm animals, their meat and their meat products
have advanced during the last 7 years due to the introduction
of new methodology. Originally the thin-layer chromatographic
method of Verbeke (1979) was used in many laboratories but
this method has been largely superceded by more rapid and
sensitive radioirrmunoassay (RIA) methods (Dixon & Heitzman,
1981; Karg & Vogt, 1981; Agthe, 1980; Hoffmann, 1978). This
paper discusses the recent progress in methods of residue
analysis and presents some new data on residues of the
"permitted five substances", oestradiol-17~, testosterone,
progesterone, zeranol and trenbolone and also the "banned
substances", stilbenes, hexoestrol and diethylstilboestrol bE~.
2
A major limitation of all the analythical methods for
measuring residues is the time consuming preliminary extrac
tion procedures prior to final analysis. It is now possible
to separate and remove many of the unwanted interfering
substances by the use of automated high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). The combination of HPLC and RIA for
residue measurement is discussed.
The variable quality and limited supply of antisera for
RIA has restricted the widespread use of RIA. However, new
techniques in biotechnology have enabled monoclonal antibodies
to be produced for the assay of anabolic agents. These
antibodies have increased the specificity of assays and may
be produced in relatively large amounts. Some initial studies
with monoclonal antibodies to zeranol are reported.
There has been little new information on the metabolism
and pharmacokinetics of anabolic agents. Further knowledge is
needed on the metabolism of the xenobiotic anabolic agents
and in particular the role of the liver in detoxification
and clearance of these substances. Some initial studies into
the pharmacokinetics of trenbolone acetate administered to
cattle are discussed. The metabolism of trenbolone acetate
is different in cattle and rats (Pottier ~., 1981) and this
paper compares the metabolism in several other species.
The development of better delivery systems for sustaining
a nearly constant absorption of anabolic agents from a depot
site into the peripheral circulation is necessary. The
introduction of implants of silastic material impregnated
with oestradiol-17~ has been a major development (Wagner &
Pankhurst, 1981). There is also a sustained and gradual
absorption of oestradiol-17~ from implants containing a mixture
of trenbolone acetate and oestradiol-17~ (Riis & Suresh, 1976;
Heitzman & Harwood, 1977; Harrison, 1981). Other commercially
available implants contain mixtures of oestradiol-17~ with
either testosterone or progesterone. Experiments have been
carried out to examine the hypothesis that the absorption of
oestradiol-17~ from implants of compressed pellets is
influenced by mixing with a second steroid.