Manganese in Soils and Plants: Proceedings of the International Symposium on ‘Manganese in Soils and Plants’ held at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, August 22–26, 1988 as an Australian B

345 Pages·1988·15.96 MB·English

by  Robin D. Graham

MANGANESE IN SOILS AND PLANTS
Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences
1. J. Monteith and C. Webb, eds.,
Soil Water and Nitrogen in Mediterranean-type Environments. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2406-6
2. J.C. Brogan, ed.,
Nitrogen Losses and Surface Run-off from Landspreading of Manures. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2471-6
3. J.D. Bewley, ed.,
Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2472-4
4. R. Brouwer, I. Gasparikov3, J. Kolek and B.C. Loughman, eds.,
Structure and Function of Plant Roots. 1981. ISBN 90-247-2510-0
5. Y.R. Dommergues and RG. Diem, eds.,
Microbiology of Tropical Soils and Plant Productivity. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2624-7
6. G.P. Robertson, R. Herrera and T. Rosswall, eds.,
Nitrogen Cycling in Ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2719-7
7. D. Atkinson et aI., eds.,
Tree Root Systems and their Mycorrliizas. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2821-5
8. M.R. Saric and B.C. Loughman, eds.,
Genetic Aspects of Plant Nutrition. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2822-3
9. J.R. Freney and J.R. Simpson, eds.,
Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen from Plant-Soil Systems. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2820-7
10. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Efficient Use of Fertilizers in Agnculture. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2866-5
11. J. Tinsley and J.F. Darbyshire, eds.,
Biological Processes and Soil Fertility. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2902-5
12. A.D.L. Akkermans, D. Baker, K. Huss-Danell and J.D. Tjepkema, eds.,
FranklO Symbioses. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2967-X
13. W.S. Silver and E.C. SchrOder, eds.,
Practical Application of Azolla for Rice Production. 1984. ISBN 90-247-3068-6
14. P.G.L. Vlek, ed.,
Micronutrients in Tropical Food Crop Production. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3085-6
15. T.P. Hignett, ed.,
Fertilizer Manual. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3122-4
16. D. Vaughan and R.E. Malcolm, eds.,
Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3154-2
17. D. Pasternak and A. San Pietro, eds.,
Biosalinity in Action: Bioproduction with Saline Water. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3159-3
18. M. Lalonde, C. Camire and J.O. Dawson, eds.,
Frank/a and Actinorhizal Plants. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3214-X
19. H. Lambers, J.J. Neeteson and I. Stulen, eds.,
Fundamental, Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants. 1986.
ISBN 90-247-3258-1
20. M.B. Jackson, ed.,
New Root Formation in Plants and Cuttmgs. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3260-3
21. F.A. Skinner and P. Uomala, eds.,
Nitrogen Fixation with Non-Legumes. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3283-2
22. A. Alexander, ed.,
Foliar Fertilization. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3288_3
23. H.G. v.d. Meer, J.C. Ryden and G.C. Ennik, eds.,
Nitrogen Fluxes in Intensive Grassland Systems. 1986. ISBN 9O-247-3309-X
24. A.U. Mokwunye and P.L.G. Vlek, eds.,
Management of Nitrogen and Phosporus Fertilizers in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1986.
ISBN 9O-247-3312-X
25. Y. Chen and Y. Avnimelech, eds.,
The Role of Organic Matter in Modern Agriculture. 1986. ISBN 9O-247-3360-X
26. S.K. De Datta and W.H. Patrick Jr., eds.,
Nitrogen Economy of Flooded Rice Soils. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3361-8
27. W.H. Gabelman and B.C. Loughman, eds.,
Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3494-0
28. A. van Diest, ed.,
Plant and Soil: Interfaces and Interactions. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3535-1
29. United Nations, ed.,
The Utilization of Secondary and Trace Elements in Agriculture ..1 987. ISBN 90-241-3546-7
30. H.G. v.d. Meer, R.J. Unwin, G.C. Ennik and T.A. van Dijk, eds., .•
Animal Manure on Grassland and Fodder Crops. Fertilizer or Waste? 1987. ISBN 90-247-3568-8
31. N.J. Barrow,
Reactions with Variable-Charge Soils. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3589-0
32. D.P. Beck and L.A. Materon, eds.,
Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture. 1988. ISBN 90-247-3624-2
33. R.D. Graham, R.J. Hannam and N.C. Uren, eds.,
Manganese 10 Soils and Plants. 1988. ISBN 90-247-3758-3
Manganese in Soils and Plants
Proceedings of the International Symposium on
'Manganese in Soils and Plants'
held at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute,
The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia,
August 22-26, 1988 as an Australian Bicentennial Event
Edited by
Robin D. Graham
Department of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute,
University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
Robert J. Hannam
Northfield Laboratories, South Australian Department of Agriculture,
Adelaide, Australia
and
Nicholas C. Uren
School of Agriculture, La Trobe University,
Bundoora, Australia
Publication sponsored by
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Australl.
171J8·J968
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Manganese in Soils and Plants
R. D. Graham, R. J. Hannam and N. C. Uren, editors.
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7768-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2817-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2817-6
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
All Rights Reserved
© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Sof'tcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988
No part of the material protected by this copyright notIce may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any IOformation storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Organising Committee xv
Financial Supporters xvii
Historical Preface 1
R.D. Graham and J.P.Quirk
1. An Introduction to Manganese Biological Chemistry
N.P. Hughes and R.I.P. Williams
1. Introduction 7
2. Manganese chemistry 7
3. The biological chemistry of Mn 14
4. Summary 18
Manganese in Soils
2 • Geochemistry of Manganese in Soil
R.J. Gilkes and R.M. McKenzie
1. Introduction 23
2. The crystal chemistry of Mn 23
3. Manganese in rock-forming minerals 23
4. Manganese in soils 26
5. Conclusions 34
3 . Inorganic Reactions of Manganese in Soils
W.A. Norvell
1. Introduction 37
2. Solubility relationships of Mn solid phases 37
3. Forms of Mn in soil solution 41
4. Surface reactions 45
5. Fertilizer reactions 52
vi
4. Manganese Redox Reactions and Organic Interactions in Soils
Richmond J. Bartlett
1. Introduction: Mn, key to life 59
2. Soil Mn redox methods 59
3. pHandpe 61
4. Reverse dismutation of Mn 62
5. Electron demand and net oxidation studies 63
6. Manganese(Ill) catalysis and free radicals 66
7. Contributions of components of the living soil 68
8. Manganese mediation of soil N transformations 70
9. Role of Mn in formation of humic polymers 71
5. The Biology of Manganese Transforming Microorganisms in Soil
W.C. Ghiorse
1. Introduction 75
2. Ecology 75
3. Taxonomy 77
4. Physiology and biochemistry 78
5. Conclusions 82
6. Determination of Plant-available Soil Manganese
H.M. Reisenauer
1. Introduction 87
2. Plant factors in soil Mn availability 87
3. Soil Mn 88
4. Soil tests for plant available Mn 91
5. Available soil Mn 92
6. Conclusions 95
Manganese in Plants
7. The Uptake and Translocation of Manganese by Plant Roots
D. T. Clarkson
1. Introduction 101
2. The nature of the supply of Mn to the root surface 101
3. Electrochemical considerations 103
vii
4. Kinetics of Mn2+ uptake 104
5. Metabolic dependence of Mn2+ uptake 105
6. Interactions between the uptake and translocation of Mn2+ and other ions 106
7. Uptake rates compared with growth requirement for Mn 109
8. Concluding remarks 110
8. Distribution and Movement of Manganese in Plants
Jack F. Loneragan
1. Introduction 113
2. Movement of Mn in plants 113
3. Distribution of Mn in plants 117
4. Conclusions 121
9. The Biochemistry of Manganese in Plants
James N. Burnell
1. Introduction 125
2. Manganese in proteins 125
3. Manganese as a cofactor 128
4. C4 photosynthesis 132
5. Concluding remarks 133
10. Physiological Functions of Manganese in Plants
Lindsay C. Campbell and Ross O. Nable
1. Introduction 139
2. Growth physiology of Mn 139
3. Environmental interactions with Mn 144
4. Manganese in metabolism 145
5. Future directions 149
11. The Role of Manganese in Disease Resistance
D.M. Huber and N.S. Wilhelm
1. Introduction 155
2. Effect of disease on Mn 155
3. Effect of Mn on disease 156
4. Mechanisms of disease control with Mn 164
5. Conclusions 167
viii
12. The Physiology of Manganese Toxicity
W.J. Horst
1. Introduction 175
2. Manganese toxicity symptoms 175
3. Factors affecting Mn tolerance levels of plant tissues 176
4. Relationships between toxicity symptoms and physiological effects of
high Mn concentrations in plant tissues 178
5. Physiology of differential Mn tolerance 183
6. Summary and conclusions 184
Manganese in Soil-Plant Systems
13. Mechanisms of Manganese Acquisition by Roots from Soils
H. Marschner
1. Introduction 191
2. Plant and soil factors in absorption 191
3. Dynamics of Mn at the soil-root interface (rhizosphere) 195
4. Conclusions 201
14. Occurence and Correction of Manganese Deficiency in Plants
D.J. Reuter, A.M. Alston and J.D. McFarlane
1. Introduction 205
2. Occurrence of Mn deficiency 205
3. Prevention and correction of Mn deficiency 211
4. Conclusions 218
15. Manganese Fertilizers
K.H. Walter
1. Introduction 225
2. The chemistry of Mn sources 225
3. Incorporation of Mn into macro-nutrient fertilizers 232
4. Conclusions 238
ix
16. Detection of Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity in Plants
R.I. Hannam and K. Ohki
1. Introduction 243
2. Diagnosis ofMn deficiency 243
3. Prognosis of Mn deficiency 251
4. Diagnosis of Mn toxicity 252
5. Conclusions 255
17. Genotypic Differences in Tolerance to Manganese Deficiency
R.D. Graham
1. Introduction 261
2. The agronomic case for breeding for Mn efficiency 261
3. Genotypic differences in tolerance to Mn efficiency 263
4. Genetics of Mn efficiency 266
5. Mechanisms of Mn efficiency 268
6. Screening techniques for identifying Mn-efficient genotypes 271
7. Conclusions 273
18. Distribution and Amelioration of Manganese Toxic Soils
E. Schlichting and L.A. Sparrow
1. Introduction 277
2. The global distribution of Mn toxic soils 277
3. The development of Mn toxic soils 279
4. The amelioration of Mn toxic soils 284
5. Conclusions 288
19. Genetics and Breeding of Plants Tolerant of Manganese Toxicity
C.D. Foy, RI. Scott and I.A. Fisher
1. Introduction 293
2. Examples of differential tolerance 293
3. Breeding for Mn tolerance 294
4. Development and use of Mn tolerant germplasm 296
5. Physiology of differential Mn tolerance 296
7. Conclusions 302
x
20. Techniques for Research on Manganese in Soil-Plant Systems
N.C. Uren, C.J. Asher and N.E. Longnecker
1. Introduction 309
2. Solution culture systems 309
3. Seed reserves of MIl 314
4. Manganese oxides as sources of MIl 315
5. Analysis and detection of MIl in soils and plants 317
6. Soil preparation and pot culture 320
7. Fractionation procedures 322
21. Manganese in Soils and Plants - An Overview
A.D. Robson
1. Introduction 329
2. Reactions of MIl in soils and plants 329
3. Diagnosis and correction of MIl deficiency and toxicity 332
4. Conclusion 333
Glossary of Plant Names 335
Index 337