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Mandarin Wi Thier FUNCTIONAL REFERENCE __ GRAMMAR ‘CHARLES N. LI SANDRA A. THOMPSON MANDARIN CHINESE A Functional Reference Grammar Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson UNIVERSITY OF CALUOWANA PRESS Berkley. Aordagses Louden et af Ctr rst ay and gr, Cllrs sive falta rr, undo, End apy 81 by The Regn af ey of Calo "Ube at Cones Cstpag Poberton Dae ogg: att (Sin ose. n6 lay ‘Preeti Ce Stef Arrcn 234567 8 Em 2 mecen Naina Se emer Pors scepter ed trary Mae ANS! eB Contents ‘lace whe Papebick Fon Pra 1 Fewrodection 2.5 The Chiesa Language Fay 12 ThePhonclogy of ands 4.21 Tins (22 Fie 125 Toms 128 eon of heme Sale 2 ypuogiat Description 2.1 The Srna Compkety a Word Manin as on etmingLangunge 22.1 Morgemes Cesar with Nos 212. MerpiresOnosng wi eres 122 Somngtabiiy: Te Sui of lb er Ward 24.1 The Wer Oster Type? 2.2.2 Wont Orderia Mantas 23 acd Stetare au 12 Morelos oseses 5 Resplaion 2002 afta Conjounds 4122 Nina Carpi 322 vera Compote 32.4 SubjpecPreiete Compacts B2 Vab-Objea Compounte 213.6 aulonerous Acre Foening Nein Coupons 127 Mier typeof Compounde 4 Simple Destarative Sentence 42 $.14 Charset of Topic 5.2 Chanetcentn of Sbjct 4413 Comparsonot Tape a Subjee 2.18 Dou SabjecSetenes $8.44 Comparson vi Chan's Analisis 5.16 Tiowunddave Pan 129 eater aarp S020 Topi a2 Dene Heent 101.9 Tope 8 Coeterence in cone ‘Tre oan Phare 42.4 Cima Phowetcnte Paes 482.1 Ming Pres 4624 The Ouro Fenda 2 oun Pe 10215 Detnere and Reet #26 Praoine 427 Roden The Vet Pree 43.1 Typeset Pease 5 Ausitary Vern 5.1 Alay Ver eran Verb 52 Aunllay Verb venus atte. 33 Lot auliay Ver 6 aspect 61 Tre recive pet £3 Dee Not Moan Per nee 4.1% Somes 6.2.1 Senate Types of Vers wie Dette Aspect Markt ohe and 2 {62.3 Camper Suse wi the cv gst Maske oe 63 The Experi sper 14 The Demin sper 63 Samay 17 Semenen iad Pate: tee 1.4.1 The Commuicnive Func ate U2 MbereXocte Use le TS verve te varus CRS le 22m 73 be 24 om 15 aby 76 Coneuion 8 Adverts a 1 Mate Ae no {1 Movable Ader of Tine x0 1.2 Momble Ade of Ata at 1.2 Normowble vet mm B20 stiner Ades m2 12. Nonmaine Advts me 8.3 Negation and adrte “0 8.3.1 Negation gad Morable atts ao 8.3.2 Sean sed Nenaorble Adres 3a $B. Aavertenn he Mf Coremaction “0 AS Quitly Alvrbal Phmes = 9 Coneratrrepestons as 9.3 The Fanetion a Covers 38 94.1 Oscurcoes tte Aap Maker 30 9.12 Covers Tha Cua Pieces Verbs 32 9.2 Represenaive Lino Covet a 1 tnt Oc ane Benet es a 10.1 g€Obiguery mm 102 g€10pnal m5 1. gelnoaien ” 1a Apter oe hrs re 1W.s Explain orth fie jo Fees 3 1.6 Rebate Nuon hr and Peer IntineObjct 388 10.7 ker Pantin 6 98 a 11 cave sie Winstone Phaser we 111 Losaive Pasar + v0 112 VhePationef thet ne Pane inthe Sects 7 12.2 Diecorl Pres with da! “8 12 Negation 12.1 The Peston and Scop of Neg Pass 12.2 The Panslons of ual mia) 12.2.1 Vain inthe Meaning of Sete ath be 12.22 typevol Ver Per 1223 Reaabaive Verb Cope 12 > més Nor Ea Tere ert Pace 12.5 Negatig Some Clement thera Sipe Veto Pre 126 Summary 18 Verb Copying 1. Was Vem Coping Ogee 13.2 Granta! Propet le Wert Copying Cotton 4 The lperaive 15 The be Camtruct 15.4 Thebans 182 Dapaat 15.3 be Semone wins a Sie 184 Bd, 15.3 Wheno Use the bt Consmion M6 The bi Conerucion 16.1 Uae and Funtion WGAL Adveraiy 1612 Digpowl 162 Smuouzl Ropers 16.2.1 nc Objet Adverely Asc 16.22 Thedet Noun Phrave Ce De Irina 163 ban i peaneren BhGkS See sae (7 resentative Sentenees 17.1 Gwent aus Porvonal Ves 117 Verbs Maion 1 Quen 18.1 The Four Types Quatom 18.2 Gontin. Word Goreme 14.21 Quen Wore in Queions 18.22 Qoeaion endear neue Pats 145 Raji Quesnt 1.3.5 Quctoas i Contes Conese y Bash W.2 AweA Quo ea Tog Quins 163 Parish Quesios 1846 Dike baron Net A Quatins nk Parle Questions et Guus ering a Sabet or ies Once Vad Evprmmeeinren 19 Comparoon 18.1 Comparative Canaries 29.1.1 Dimersion 19.12 Subj nd he Sodan ‘of Canpareon D2 Sapetaves 20 Nonveaeadon 20.1 A Saminiation Bunton one Pte 20.2 Nemsnanson Mating Bent Noe 20.2.1 elute Clune Cote 12022 A Neminatnnion Serving w th Canglnet som Att Heat Noun 20.4 Theat. de Comuocion 50 i 2 Sora Verb Contractions 21 Tumor Me Sept vents 21.2 ge Veo Pee lane rhe Sahel nc Oba, ofA 212.8 The Second Wore nels Une Dae Objet 71.2.2 The int Vere Ie the tf ssadeston 21.5 Pisa Crane 28 Deeper ne 215 suwmany 22 The Gumtree Sane Construction 22.1 tera ames 222 Gener Src Peete 25 Seaeuce inking 2.1 Forward inking ZI. Forwan iking wid Lik kote 23.2 Toewat Linking wit Linking Ble 281} The Seman Cantina 1212 euvae Linking 25.21 AdvorllBaneva-LihieZleretst ‘ave al eon 212.2 Noone Adve Basho os as