Manahan, Stanley E. "FRONTMATTER" Environmental Chemistry

876 Pages·2012·3.04 MB·English

Manahan, Stanley E. "FRONTMATTER"
Environmental Chemistry
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION
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Environmental chemistry, Seventh Edition, continues much the same
organizational structure, level, and emphasis that have been developed through
preceding editions. In addition to providing updated material in the rapidly
developing area of environmental chemistry, this edition emphasizes several major
concepts that are proving essential to the practice of environmental chemistry at the
beginning of the new millennium. These include the concept of the anthrosphere as
a distinct sphere of the environment and the practice of industrial ecology,
sometimes known as “green chemistry” as it applies to chemical science.
Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to environmental science, technology, and
chemistry. Chapter 2 defines and discusses the anthrosphere, industrial ecosystems,
and their relationship to environmental chemistry. Chapters 3 through 8 deal with
aquatic chemistry.
Chapters 9 through 14 discuss atmospheric chemistry. Chapter 14 emphasizes
the greatest success story of environmental chemistry to date, the study of ozone-
depleting chlorofluorocarbons which resulted in the first Nobel prize awarded in
environmental chemistry. It also emphasizes the greenhouse effect, which may be
the greatest of all threats to the global environment as we know it.
Chapters 15 and 16 deal with the geosphere, the latter chapter emphasizing soil
and agricultural chemistry. Included in the discussion of agricultural chemistry is
the important and controversial new area of of transgenic crops. Another area
discussed is that of conservation tillage, which makes limited use of herbicides to
grow crops with minimum soil disturbance.
Chapters 17 through 20 cover several aspects of industrial ecology and how it
relates to material and energy resources, recycling, and hazardous waste.
Chapters 21 through 23 cover the biosphere. Chapter 21 is an overview of
biochemistry with emphasis upon environmental aspects. Chapter 22 introduces and
outlines the topic of toxicological chemistry. Chapter 23 discusses the toxicological
chemistry of various classes of chemical substances.
Chapters 24 through 27 deal with environmental chemical analysis, including
water, wastes, air, and xenobiotics in biological materials.
The last two chapters of the book, 28 and 29 include an overview of general
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
chemistry and of organic chemistry. Although the book is designed for readers who
have a good understanding of general chemistry and some knowledge of organic
chemistry, these last chapters can serve as resource materials for individuals who
may not have a very good background in chemistry.
The author welcomes comments and questions from readers. He can be reached
by e-mail at [email protected].
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
Stanley E. Manahan is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Missouri-
Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965 and is President of ChemChar
Research, Inc., a firm developing non-incinerative thermochemical waste treatment
processes. He received his A.B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960
and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since
1968 his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental
chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste treatment. He teaches courses on
environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical
chemistry; he has lectured on these topics throughout the U.S. as an American
Chemical Society Local Section tour speaker, and he has written a number of books
on these topics.
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
CHEMISTRY
1.1 What is Environmental Science?
1.2 Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Biochemistry
1.3 Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology
1.4 Ecology and the Biosphere
1.5 Energy and Cycles of Energy
1.6 Matter and Cycles of Matter
1.7 Human Impact and Pollution
1.8 Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offers
CHAPTER 2: THE ANTHROSPHERE, INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
2.1 The Anthrosphere
2.2 Technology and the Anthrosphere
2.3 Infrastructure
2.4 Dwellings
2.5 Transportation
2.6 Communications
2.7 Food and Agriculture
2.8 Manufacturing
2.9 Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth
2.10 Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment
2.11 The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology
2.12 Environmental Chemistry
CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY
3.1 Water Quality and Quantity
3.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance
3.3 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water
3.4 Aquatic Life
3.5 Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry
3.6 Gases in Water
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3.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water
3.8 Alkalinity
3.9 Calcium and Other Metals in Water
3.10 Complexation and Chelation
3.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes
3.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations
3.13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands
3.14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands
3.15 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA
3.16 Polyphosphates in Water
3.17 Complexation by Humic Substances
3.18 Complexation and Redox Processes
CHAPTER 4: OXIDATION-REDUCTION
4.1 The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena
4.2 The Electron and Redox Reactions
4.3 Electron Activity and pE
4.4 The Nernst Equation
4 5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions
4.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium
4.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole
4.9 The Limits of pE in Water
4.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems
4.11 pE-pH Diagrams
4.12 Corrosion
CHAPTER 5: PHASE INTERACTIONS
5.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water
5.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments
5.3 Solubilities
5.4 Colloidal Particles in Water
5.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays
5.6 Aggregation of Particles
5.7 Surface Sorption by Solids
5.8 Ion Exchange with Bottom Sediments
5.9 Sorption of Gases—Gases in Interstitial Water
CHAPTER 6: AQUATIC MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY
6.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes
6.2 Algae
6.3 Fungi
6.4 Protozoa
6.5 Bacteria
6.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
6.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
6.8 Bacterial Metabolism
6.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon
6.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter
6.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen
6.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur
6.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides
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6.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids
6.15 Microbial Corrosion
CHAPTER 7: WATER POLLUTION
7.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants
7.2 Elemental Pollutants
7.3 Heavy Metals
7.4 Metalloids
7.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids
7.6 Inorganic Species
7.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication
7.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity
7.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants
7.10 Organic Pollutants
7.11 Pesticides in Water
7.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
7.13 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment
CHAPTER 8: WATER TREATMENT
8.1 Water Treatment and Water Use
8.2 Municipal Water Treatment
8.3 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use
8.4 Sewage Treatment
8.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
8.6 Removal of Solids
8.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
8.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics
8.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
8.10 Sludge
8.11 Water Disinfection
8.12 Natural Water Purification Processes
8.13 Water Reuse and Recycling
CHAPTER 9: THE ATMOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
9.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
9.2 Importance of the Atmosphere
9.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
9.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
9.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather
9.6 Inversions and Air Pollution
9.7 Global Climate and Microclimate
9.9 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere
9.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen
9.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
9.12 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
9.13 Atmospheric Water
CHAPTER 10: PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
10.1 Particles in the Atmosphere
10.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere
10.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation
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10.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation
10.5 The Composition of Inorganic Particles
10.6 Toxic Metals
10.7 Radioactive Particles
10.8 The Composition of Organic Particles
10.9 Effects of Particles
10.10 Water as Particulate Matter
10.11 Control of Particulate Emissions
CHAPTER 11: GASEOUS INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
11.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases
11.2 Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide
11.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO
11.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
11.5 Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
11.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
11.7 Acid Rain
11.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere
11.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds
11.10 Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide
CHAPTER 12: ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
12.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
12.2 Organic Compounds from Natural Sources
12.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons
12.4 Aryl Hydrocarbons
12.5 Aldehydes and Ketones
12.6 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
12.7 Organohalide Compounds
12.8 Organosulfur Compounds
12.9 Organonitrogen Compounds
CHAPTER 13: PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions
13.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
13.4 Overview of Smog Formation
13.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation
13.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
13.7 Inorganic Products from Smog
13.8 Effects of Smog
CHAPTER 14: THE ENDANGERED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE
14.1 Anthropogenic Change in the Atmosphere
14.2 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
14.3 Acid Rain
14.4 Ozone Layer Destruction
14.5 Photochemical Smog
14.6 Nuclear Winter
14.7 What Is to Be Done?
© 2001 CRC Press LLC