Managing water for peace in the Middle East : alternative strategies

322 Pages·1995·21.2 MB·English

by  Murakami, Masahiro

for Peace in the Middle East
Alternative Strategies
Masahiro
Murakami
TheUnitedNationsUniversityisanorganoftheUnitedNatiomestablishedb\ theOeaenJ
Assemblyin1972tobeaninternationalcommunityofscholarsengagedinroc-arch,advanced
training,andthedisseminationofknowledgerelatedtothepressingglobalproblemsofhuman
survival,development,andwelfare.Itsactivitiesfocusmainlyonpeaceandconflictresolution,
developmentmachangingworld,andscienceandtechnologyinrelationtohumanwelfare.The
Universityoperatesthroughaworldwidenetworkofresearchandpostgraduatetrainingcentres,
withitsp*«»»fa^andcoordinatingheadquartersinTokyo.
TheUnitedNationsI tmcisiu Press,thepublishingdivisionoftheUNU.publishesscholarly
booksandperiodicalsinthesocialsciences,humanities,andpureandappliednaturalIrinWCBI
relatedtotheUniversity'sresearch
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Managing water for peace
in the Middle East
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TheprogrammeareaoftheUnitedNationsUniversity(UNU)onSustainingGlobal
Life-supportSystemsrespondstotheprioritiesidentifiedinthe"Agenda21"ema-
nating from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCI heldin RiodeJaneiro,Brazilin1992.Withinthisprogrammearea,the
programmeonIntegratedStudiesofEcosystemsaggregatesissuesofenvironmentally
sustainabledevelopmentfromtheentrypointofthecapacityofecosystemsandtheir
ability to support, resist, or recuperate from the long-term impact ofmajortrans-
formations. Projectswithinthisprogrammeapproachissuesfromthreeperspectives:
ioffragileecosystemsandothervulnerableregionsin
Asecondsetofprojectscoversimprovedmethodsofmeasuringandmonitoring
sustainabilityandenvironmentalmanagement. Athirdcomprisessectoralstudiesof
criticalresourcessuchasforests,oceans,biodiversityresources,andwaters.
Asapartofitsactivitiesconcernedwithwaterasacriticalresource,theUNUis
continuingtoorganizeaseriesofprojectsthatworkto
betweenwaterandgeopoliticsinaridand
issuesindisputesconcerningwaterresources,selectalternativescenariosthatcould
leadtothesolutionofthecomplexproblemsrelatedtowaterissues,andrecommend
processesthroughwhichthecountriesconcernedarelikelytoagreeonmutuallysat-
isfactorysolutionstotheproblems.
The Middle East WaterForumheld in Cairo, Egypt, in 1993. organized by the
UNU,producedanauthoritativebookonthesubject,entitledInternationalWatersof
theMiddleEast:FromEuphrates-TigristoNik.Theforumprovedhighlysuccessful
andcontributed,informallybutimportantly,totheprogressoftheMiddleEastpeace
talks.ThepresentbookhasemergedasapartoftheUNU'scontinuingeffortsinthis
fieldandisoneofaseriesofbooksrelatedtowaterissuesandconflictresolution.
Copyrightedmaterial
Managing water for
peace in the Middle
East: Alternative
strategies
Masahiro Murakami
Jl United Nations
%Z^f University Press
TOKYO•NEWYORK•PARIS
Thla On0
iiiiiiiiiiiniiiinii
B5T1-U74-CCJ2
©TheUnitedNationsUniversity,1995
Theviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthor
anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNations
University.Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentation
ofthematerialdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinion
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NationsUniversity.
UnitedNationsUniversityPress
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CoverdesignbyJonathanGullery/AbelGraphics,Thornwood,
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UNUP-858
ISBN92-808-0858-3
05000P
Contents
Abbreviations viii
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives, concepts, and scope S
1.3 Organizationofthebook 9
2 Reviewstudieson arid-zonehydrology
andwater-reioorcesdevelopment and
management 14
2.1 Thearidzone in global atmospheric
circulation and water resources 14
2.2 The Tigrisand Euphrates Rivers 34
2.3 The Indus River 45
2.4 TheNileRiver 53
2J5 TheJordan River 69
2.6 The Colorado River 80
2.7 Non-renewablegroundwaterdevelopment
in the Middle Fast 90
2.8 Brackish-groundwaterreverse-osmosis
desalination inBahrain 103
v
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Contents
2.9 Scaita desalination in the Arabian Gulf
countries 114
2.10 Groundwater-hydrodevelopment in Chile
and Libya 121
2.11 Mediterranean-Qattara solar-hydro and
pumped-storage development 124
2.12 Concludingremarks 131
3 Hydro-powered reverse-osmosisdesalination in
water-resourcesdevelopmenttoKawak 138
3.1 Background and objectives 138
3.2 Potential waterresources 140
3.3 Water-resourcesdevelopment
projects 146
3.4 Experimental seawaterreverse-osmosis
desalination LSI
3.5 Experimental brackish-groundwater
reverse-osmosisdesalination 154
3.6 Hydro-powered brackish-groundwater
reverse-osmosis desalination: A new
proposal 157
3.7 Development alternativesanda
conjunctive-useplan 164
4 Hydro-poweredreverse-osmosisdesalination in
water-resources planninginJordan 167
4.1 Background and objectives 167
42 The water resourcesofJordan LTD
4.3 Water-resourcesdevelopmentand
management 174
4.4 Non-conventionalwater-resources
development 182
4.5 Case studyon hydro-powered brackish-
groundwaterdesalination by reverse
osmosis: A proposal forco-generation in
theDisi-Aqahawatersupplyscheme 1H4
•Lh Non-conventional water-resources
developmentin the national watermaster
plan ofJordan 194
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Contents
5 Solar-hydropowerand pumped-storage
co-generationin hydro-powered reverse-osmosis
desalination in inter-state development ofthe
Jordan Riverhasin 202
5.1 Background and objectives 202
5.2 Water resourcesof Israel 204
5.3 Water-resourcesdevelopment and
management in Israel 207
Joint Israel/Palestine/Jordan
Mediterranean-Dead Sea conduit
developmentwith co-generation 215
5.5 Integration ofdevelopment alternatives in
an inter-state water masterplan 226
5.6 Techno-politicalnon-conventional water-
energy development alternatives in inter-
stateregional planning for Aqaba 234
5.7 Techno-political alternativesinMiddle East
waterperspectives 242
6 Summary ofconclusions,and recommendations
forfurtherstudy 245
6.1 Conclusions 245
6.2 Recommendations forfurtherstudy 247
Appendices 251
A
Reverse-osmosisdesalination 251
B PhysicalgeographyofJordanandIsrael 267
C Historical reviewofpolitical riparian issuesin
the developmentofthe Jordan Riverand
basinmanagement 287
D Recommendations for futurejoint
development and management: The
Mediterranean-Dead Sea canal and
Al-Wuheda dam projects 298
Conversion tables 300
References 303
vii
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Abbreviations
DTCD DepartmentofTechnicalCooperationforDevelopment(UN)
FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
UUNNERSWCAO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization
UnitedNationsReliefandWorksAgencyforPalestineRefugeesin
theNearEast
WWHMOO WorldHealthOrganization
WorldMeteorologicalOrganization
Academicandprofessionalassociations
AGU AmericanGeophysicalUnion
AWWA AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
IDA InternationalDesalinationAssociation
IHP/IHD InternationalHydrologicalProgramme/Decade
IWRA InternationalWaterResourcesAssociation
NWS1A NationalWaterSupply (USA)
EGMC GhorMainCanal
INWC
viii
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