Managing Sex in the U.S. Military: Gender, Identity, and Behavior PDF
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Managing Sex in the U.S. Military Studies in War, Society, and the Military General Editors Kara Dixon Vuic Texas Christian University Richard S. Fogarty University at Albany, State University of New York Editorial Board Peter Maslowski University of Nebraska– Lincoln David Graff Kansas State University Reina Pennington Norwich University Managing Sex in the U.S. Military Gender, Identity, and Behavior Edited by Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan, Shannon Portillo, and Kara Dixon Vuic University of Nebraska Press Lincoln © 2022 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska All rights reserved The University of Nebraska Press is part of a land- grant institution with campuses and programs on the past, present, and future homelands of the Pawnee, Ponca, Otoe- Missouria, Omaha, Dakota, Lakota, Kaw, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Peoples, as well as those of the relocated Ho- Chunk, Sac and Fox, and Iowa Peoples. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Bailey, Beth L., 1957– editor. | Doan, Alesha E., 1972– editor. | Portillo, Shannon, editor. | Vuic, Kara Dixon, 1977– editor. Title: Managing sex in the U.S. military: gender, identity, and behavior / edited by Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan, Shannon Portillo, and Kara Dixon Vuic. Other titles: Managing sex in the United States military Description: Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, [2022] | Series: Studies in war, society, and the military | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2021031553 isbn 9781496219022 (hardback) isbn 9781496229885 (paperback) isbn 9781496230850 (epub) isbn 9781496230867 (pdf) Subjects: lcsh: Soldiers— Sexual behavior— United States. | Soldiers— Family relationships— United States. | Sexual harassment in the military— United States. | Gay military personnel— United States. | Sexual minority military personnel— United States. | Transgender military personnel— United States. | United States— Armed Forces— Women. | bisac: history / Military / United States | social science / Women’s Studies Classification: lcc uh630 .m36 2022 | ddc 813/.54— dc25 lc record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2021031553 Set in Minion Pro by Mikala R. Kolander. Contents Acknowledgments | vii List of Abbreviations | ix Introduction | 1 Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan, Shannon Portillo, and Kara Dixon Vuic Part 1. Behavior 1. The U.S. Army’s Management of Sexuality at Home and Abroad, 1898– 1940 | 19 Andrew Byers 2. Compensation, Commerce, and Conjugality: Managing Male Heterosexuality in the U.S. Military from World War II to the War on Terror | 43 Susan L. Carruthers 3. “A Higher Moral Character”: Respectability and the Women’s Army Corps | 71 Beth Bailey Part 2. Family and Reproduction 4. “We Recruit Individuals but Retain Families”: Managing Marriage and Family in the All- Volunteer Force, 1973– 2001 | 95 John Worsencroft 5. Reproduction in Combat Boots | 119 Kara Dixon Vuic Part 3. Orientation and Identity 6. A Comparative Analysis of the Military Bans on Openly Serving Gays, Lesbians, and Transgender Personnel | 143 Agnes Gereben Schaefer 7. Formal Regulation, Cultural Enforcement: Managing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression in the U.S. Military | 171 Jacqueline E. Whitt Part 4. Sexual Assault and Prevention 8. Problematic Policies and Far- Reaching Consequences: Historicizing Sexual Violence in the U.S. Military | 197 Kellie Wilson-B uford 9. Managing Harassment and Assault in the Contemporary U.S. Military | 219 Amanda Boczar Part 5. Gender, Sexuality, and Combat 10. Combat Exclusion Policies and the Management of Gender Difference in the U.S. Military | 245 Elizabeth Mesok 11. Brothers in Arms? Combat, Masculinity, and Change in the Twenty- First- Century American Military | 275 Christopher Hamner 12. “The Juice Ain’t Worth the Squeeze”: Resisting Gender Integration in Special Forces | 307 Alesha E. Doan and Shannon Portillo Afterword | 335 Beth Bailey, Alesha E. Doan, Shannon Portillo, and Kara Dixon Vuic Contributors | 337 Index | 343 Acknowledgments This collection grew from a symposium that brought fourteen schol- ars and two representatives from the U.S. Army’s Sexual Harass- ment/Assault and Prevention Office to the University of Kansas (ku) in February 2018. The purpose of that symposium was to create an opportunity for historians, policy scholars, and practi- tioners to discuss the U.S. military’s efforts to “manage sex” from the early twentieth century to the present day. Many of the partic- ipants in that meeting wrote chapters in this book, and all helped to shape its final outline. The editors are grateful to ku’s Center for Military, War, and Society Studies and to Texas Christian University’s history depart- ment and its LCpl. Benjamin W. Schmidt Professorship of War, Conflict, and Society in Twentieth-C entury America for major sponsorship of the initial symposium; to Jena Gunter and the staff of ku’s Institute for Policy and Social Research for their logisti- cal support; to ku’s Hall Center for the Humanities for physically hosting the meeting; and to ku PhD student Marjorie Galelli, who made both conceptual and practical contributions to this volume. vii Abbreviations aclu American Civil Liberties Union aef American Expeditionary Forces anc Army Nurse Corps avf all- volunteer force awol absent without leave ca Civilian Affairs caaf Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces champus Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services cma Court of Military Appeals cst Cultural Support Teams dacowits Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services dadt Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell dcpc Direct Combat Probability Coding dod Department of Defense dodi Department of Defense Instruction dgcar Direct Ground Combat and Assignment Rule fets Female Engagement Teams frgs Family Readiness Groups gao Government Accountability Office hqmc Headquarters Marine Corps lbg Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual lgbtq Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer macv Military Assistance Command, Vietnam magtf Marine Air Ground Task Force miso Military Information Support Operations ix
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