Managing Cultural Differences, Seventh Edition: Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century (Managing Cultural Differences)

725 Pages·2007·5.66 MB·English

by  Robert T. Moran

M A N A G I N G
C U L T U R A L
DIFFERENCES
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Managing Cultural Differences:
Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century, Seventh Edition
Robert T. Moran, Ph.D., Philip R. Harris, Ph.D., Sarah V. Moran, M.A.
Managing Cultural Diversity in Technical Professions
Lionel Laroche, Ph.D.
Uniting North American Business—NAFTA Best Practices
Jeffrey D. Abbot and Robert T. Moran, Ph.D.
Eurodiversity: A Business Guide to Managing Differences
George Simons, D.M.
Global Strategic Planning: Cultural Perspectives for Profit and Non-Profit Organizations
Marios I. Katsioulodes, Ph.D.
Competing Globally: Mastering Cross-Cultural Management and Negotiations
Farid Elashmawi, Ph.D.
Succeeding in Business in Eastern and Central Europe—A Guide to Cultures,
Markets, and Practices
Woodrow H. Sears, Ed.D. and Audrone Tamulionyte-Lentz, M.S.
Intercultural Services: A Worldwide Buyer’s Guide and Sourcebook
Gary M. Wederspahn, M.A.
S e v e n t h E d i t i o n
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CC UU LL TT UU RR AA LL
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G l o b a l L e a d e r s h i p S t r a t e g i e s
f o r t h e 2 1 s t C e n t u r y
R o b e rt T. M o ra n , P h . D .
P h i l i p R . H a r r i s , P h . D .
S a ra h V. M o ra n , M . A .
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To my children Elizabeth, Sarah, Molly, Rebecca and Benedict. Learners
and teachers, receivers and givers, all multilingual citizens in
our global world.
Robert T. Moran
In honor of Dr. Dorothy Lipp Harris, my late wife and elegant professor
who supported me in writing this text for a quarter century and taught with
it in graduate school. And to her sister, Jeanne Lipp Conover, who first
introduced me into the concept of culture when I was a Fulbright professor
in Japan, 1962...Plus in appreciation to two cosmopolitans who inspire
me to continue writing in my 80s – my present wife, Janet Belport Harris
and my stepson, Jason Winter Belport.
Philip R. Harris
To my parents, whose global humanitarian lives have influenced me pro-
foundly, and to every person who has crossed my path whose diversity of
backgrounds, ethnicities, cultures, and world views have opened my eyes
and mind. You have all taught me that through respect and developing a
deep understanding of what makes each of us unique, that humankind,
in all our wonderful diversity, can find ways to harmoniously live
and work together.
Sarah V. Moran
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CONTENTS
Foreword by Lewis B. Campbell, Chairman, President and CEO,
Textron Inc., xi
Prologue, xiii
Acknowledgments, xv
Unit 1
Cultural Impacts on Global Management
1 GLOBAL LEADERS AND CULTURE . . . . . . . 2
Learning Objectives 2, Culture and Its Characteristics 6,
Systems Approach to Culture 11, Key Cultural
Terminology 13, Global Leaders as Influencers 22,
Cultural Understanding and Sensitivity 24, Cross-
Cultural Learning 25, Global Transformations 26,
Key Concepts for Global Leadership 29, Global
Organizations 30, Conclusions 36, References 38
2 GLOBAL LEADERS AND
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Learning Objectives 40, Cultural Differences as
Communication Resources 43, Global Communication 46,
Cultural Factors in Communication 48, Communication
Keys—Low/High Context and Listening 49,
Attribution 56, Variables in the Communication
Process 60, International Body Language 62, Guidelines
for English and Foreign Languages 64, Technology and
Intercultural Communication 68, Handling Two Swords
at the Same Time—A Global Shift 70, Conclusions 71
References 73
vii
3 GLOBAL LEADERSHIP IN
NEGOTIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Learning Objectives 76, Conflict Resolution and
Negotiations 76, Negotiating Across Cultures 80,
Assumptions and Negotiating 83, Example of “Cultural
Baggage” 85, Framework for International Business
Negotiations 86, The Price of Failed Negotiations 96,
Conclusions 98, References 99
4 GLOBAL LEADERS AND THE CHANGING
KNOWLEDGE CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Learning Objectives 101, Changes in Life Spaces 102,
Leadership in a Knowledge Culture 119, Leadership in
Changing Organizational Culture 126, Managing the
Knowledge Culture 137, Conclusions 139, References 140
5 GLOBAL LEADERS LEARN FROM OTHER
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Learning Objectives 143, Global Study of Management 145,
Challenges in International Management 150, Strategic
Collaborations and Mergers 152, Conclusions 157,
References 158
6 WOMEN AS LEADERS IN GLOBAL
BUSINESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Learning Objectives 160, Current Status of Global Women
Managers 161, Global Cultural Stereotypes About Women
Leaders 164, Stereotypes Can Invariably Lead to
Organizational Barriers Hindering the Advancement of
Women 165, Women and Overseas, Expatriate
Assignments 168, Balancing Work and Family 170,
Company Initiatives to Break the Glass Ceiling 171,
Selected Woman Managers’ Views 172, The Future of
Women in Leadership Positions 174, Conclusions 176,
References 177
7 MANAGING DIVERSITY IN THE GLOBAL
WORK CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Learning Objectives 180, Defining Cultural Diversity 181,
People on the Move 183, Globalization and Diversity 185,
A Macrosystemic Perspective on Organizational
Diversity 189, A Microsystems Perspective 192,
Empowering Workers 195, Conclusions 198, References 200
viii
8 EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE IN THE
GLOBAL MARKETPLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Learning Objectives 202, Global Human Performance 208,
Ethical Behavior in the Global Workplace 213, Culture,
Management, and Technology Transfer 215,
Conclusions 224, References 224
9 LEADERSHIP IN CREATING CULTURAL
SYNERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Learning Objectives 227, Understanding Synergy’s
Implications 228, Cross-Cultural Conflict and Cultural
Synergy 231, Synergy in Organizational Culture 236,
Synergy in Global Organizations 239, Synergistic Team
Management 243, Synergy Among Professionals 251,
Transitioning into the Knowledge Culture 255,
Conclusions 257, References 258
10 MANAGING TRANSITIONS AND
RELOCATIONS IN THE GLOBAL
WORKPLACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Learning Objectives 260, Saga of My Brazilian Adventure 261,
This Was My Arrival in Brazil 263, Coping With
Transitional Challenges 265, Relocation Challenges 271,
Fostering Acculturation 280, Business Etiquette and
Protocol Abroad 298, Conclusions 301, References 302
Unit 2
Regional Culture Specifics
11 DOING BUSINESS WITH MIDDLE
EASTERNERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Learning Objectives 306, Middle East Overview 308,
Characteristics of Arab Culture 316, Cultural Aspects of
Egypt and Saudi Arabia 319, Saudi Arabia 325, Cultural
Capsules of Other Middle East Countries 334, Middle
East Business Customs and Protocol 337, Synergy:
Middle East Hope 344, Conclusions 345, References 346
12 DOING BUSINESS WITH LATIN
AMERICANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Learning Objectives 351, Latin American Overview 351,
Mexico 354, Central American States 364, South American
Cultural Development 366, Brazil 369, Argentina 383,
ix