Managing Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems

508 Pages·2007·7.24 MB·English

by  D. I. Jarvis

C
Managing Biodiversity
in Agricultural Ecosystems
EDITED BY D. I. JARVIS, C. PADOCH, AND H. D. COOPER
Published by Bioversity International
Columbia University Press New York
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
Copyright © 2007 Bioversity International
All rights reserved
As of December 1, 2006 IPGRI and INIBAP operate under the name “Bioversity
International.”
The designations employed and the pre sen ta tion of material in this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International
Plant Ge ne tic Resources Institute, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Di-
versity, the United Nations University, the International Development Research Cen-
tre, Canada, and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation concerning the
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The designations “developed” and “developing” economies are intended for sta-
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by a part ic u lar country, territory, or area in the development proc ess.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily repre-
sent those of the International Plant Ge ne tic Resources Institute, the Secretariat of
the Convention on Biological Diversity, the United Nations University, the Interna-
tional Development Research Centre, Canada, and the Swiss Agency for Develop-
ment and Cooperation.
Library of Congress C ata loging- in- Publication Data
Managing biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems / edited by D. I. Jarvis, C. Padoch,
and H. D. Cooper.
p. cm.
ISBN 13: 978-0-231-13648-8 (hard cover : alk. paper) ISBN 13: 978-0-231-51000-4
(e-book)
ISBN 10: 0-231-13648-X (hard cover : alk. paper)—ISBN 10: 0-231-51000-4 (e-book)
1. Agrobiodiversity. 2. Agricultural ecology. I. Jarvis, Devra I. (Devra Ivy),
1959– II. Padoch, Christine. III. Cooper, H. D. (H. David)
S494.5.A43M36 2007
630—dc22 2006031672

Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid- free paper.
Printed in the United States of America
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to our children—
Raffaella, Sofi a, Charlie, and Duncan—
who connect our present world to that of the future.
Contents
Ac know ledg ments xi
Contributors xiii
1 Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Ecosystem Serv ices
d. i. jarvis, c. padoch, and h. d. cooper 1
2 Mea sur ing, Managing, and Maintaining Crop Gen e tic Diversity
On Farm
a. h. d. brown and t. hodgkin 13
3 Variety Names: An Entry Point to Crop Gen e tic Diversity
and Distribution in Agroecosystems?
m. sadiki, d. i. jarvis, d. rijal, j. bajracharya,
n. n. hue, t. c. camacho- villa, l. a. burgos- may,
m. sawadogo, d. balma, d. lope, l. arias, i. mar,
d. karamura, d. williams, j. l. chavez- servia,
b. sthapit, and v. r. rao 34
4 Seed Systems and Crop Gen e tic Diversity in Agroecosystems
t. hodgkin, r. rana, j. tuxill, d. balma, a. subedi,
i. mar, d. karamura, r. valdivia, l. collado,
l. latournerie, m. sadiki, m. sawadogo,
a. h. d. brown, and d. i. jarvis 77
5 Mea sures of Diversity as Inputs for Decisions in Conservation
of Livestock Gen e tic Resources
j. p. gibson, w. ayalew, and o. hanotte 117
6 Management of Farm Animal Gen e tic Resources: Change
and Interaction
i. hoffmann 141
7 Aquatic Biodiversity in R ice- Based Ecosystems
m. halwart and d. bartley 181
8 Pollinator Ser vices
p. g. kevan and v. a. wojcik 200
9 Management of Soil Biodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems
g. g. brown, m. j. swift, d. e. bennack, s. bunning,
a. montáñez, and l. brussaard 224
10 Diversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems: Some
Perspectives from Ecolo gy
a. wilby and m. b. thomas 269
11 Managing Crop Disease in Traditional Agroecosystems: Benefi ts
and Hazards of Gen e tic Diversity
d. i. jarvis, a. h. d. brown, v. imbruce, j. ochoa,
m. sadiki, e. karamura, p. trutmann, and
m. r. finckh 292
12 Crop Variety Diversifi cation for Disease Control
y. y. zhu, y. y. wang, and j. h. zhou 320
13 Managing Biodiversity in Spatially and Temporally Complex
Agricultural Landscapes
h. brookfield and c. padoch 338
14 Diversity and Innovation in Smallholder Systems in Response
to Environmental and Economic Changes
k. rerkasem and m. p inedo- vasquez 362
viii CONTENTS
15 Agrobiodiversity, Diet, and Human Health
t. johns 382
16 Comparing the Choices of Farmers and Breeders: The Value
of Rice Landraces in Nepal
d. gauchan and m. smale 407
17 Economics of Livestock Gen e tic Resources Conservation and
Sustainable Use: State of the Art
a. g. drucker 426
18 Ecological and Economic Roles of Biodiversity
in Agroecosystems
m. ceroni, s. liu, and r. costanza 446
Index 473
CONTENTS ix
Ac know ledg ments
The editors would like to thank the governments of Canada (idrc, Inter-
national Development Research Centre) and Switzerland (Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation) for their generous fi nancial support of
this book.
Much of the work presented in this volume was accomplished with kind
assistance from the governments of Switzerland (sdc, Swiss Agency for De-
velopment and Cooperation), The Netherlands (dgis, D irectorate- General
for International Cooperation), Germany (bmz/gtz, Bundesministerium
für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische
Zusammenarbeit), Japan (jica), Canada (idrc), Spain, and Peru and the
Global Environmental Facility of the United Nations Environment Pro-
gramme, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the
Food and Agriculture Or ga niz a tion of the United Nations.
We thank many of our colleagues who helped at various stages of book
production; our special thanks go to Steve Clement, Charles Spillane,
Jean Louis Pham, Linda Collette, Julia Ndung’u-Skilton, Beate Scherf,
and Paola De Santis. Several anonymous referees provided very welcome
critical reviews of the chapters. We owe very special thanks to Linda
Sears for her precise and rapid editing of the chapters in this volume.
Finally, our most sincere and profound thanks go to many participants
whose names and affi liations do not appear in this volume. Many farm-
ers, development workers, educators, researchers, and government offi -
cials participated in the many studies presented in this book; it is they
who made this work possible.
Contributors
F. Ahkter The Centre for Policy Research for Develop-
ment Alternatives, Bangladesh
L. Arias Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanza-
dos del Incipiente Projección Nacional, Mérida,
Yucatán, Mexico
W. Ayalew International Livestock Research Institute,
Nairobi, Kenya
J. Bajracharya Agriculture Botany Division, Nepal Agricul-
ture Research Council, Khumaltar, Lalitpur,
Nepal
D. Balma Direction de la Recherche Scientifi que, Ouaga-
dougou, Burkina Faso
D. Bartley FAO Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture
Ser vice, Rome, Italy
D. E. Bennack Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz,
Mexico
H. Brookfi eld Australian National University, act 0200,
Australia
A. H. D. Brown Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, csiro
Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia
G. G. Brown Soil Invertebrate Laboratory, Embrapa Soy-
bean, Londrina, pr, Brazil
L. Brussaard Wageningen University, Soil Quality Section,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
S. Bunning Land and Plant Nutrient Management Ser vice
(agll), Food and Agriculture Or ga niz a tion of
the United Nations, Rome, Italy
L. A. Burgos-M ay Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanza-
dos del Incipiente Projección Nacional, Mérida,
Yucatán, Mexico
T. C. Camacho-V illa Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanza-
dos del Incipiente Projección Nacional,
Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, and Wageningen
University and Research Center, Participa-
tory Approaches Studies, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
M. Ceroni Department of Botany and Gund Institute
for Ecological Economics, University of Ver-
mont, usa
J. L. Chavez-S ervia Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el
Desarrollo Integral Regional–Instituto Politec-
nico Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico
L. Collado Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de
Ucayali, Pucallpa, Perú
H. D. Cooper Secretariat, Convention on Biological Diversity,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
R. Costanza Rubenstein School of Environment and Natu-
ral Resources and Gund Institute for Ecologi-
cal Economics, University of Vermont, usa
M. Dijmadoum Fédération National des Groupements Naam,
Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso
A. G. Drucker School of Environmental Research, Charles
Darwin University, Australia
xiv CONTRIBUTORS