Management of Track and Field Injures PDF
Preview Management of Track and Field Injures
Gian Luigi Canata Pieter D'Hooghe Kenneth J. Hunt Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoff s Umile Giuseppe Longo Editors M anagement of Track and Field Injures Management of Track and Field Injures Gian Luigi Canata • Pieter D’Hooghe Kenneth J. Hunt Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs Umile Giuseppe Longo Editors Management of Track and Field Injures Editors Gian Luigi Canata Pieter D’Hooghe Centre of Sports Traumatology Orthopedic Surgery, Aspire Zone Koelliker Hospital ASPETAR Qatar Orthopaedic and Torino Sports Medicine Hospital Italy Doha Qatar Kenneth J. Hunt Orthopaedic Surgery Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs University of Colorado Health Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Aurora, CO Amsterdam UMC USA University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Movement Sciences Umile Giuseppe Longo Amsterdam Orthopaedics and Traumatology Unit The Netherlands University Campus Biomedico Academic Center for Evidence-based Rome Sports medicine (ACES) Italy Amsterdam The Netherlands Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center Amsterdam The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-030-60215-4 ISBN 978-3-030-60216-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60216-1 © ISAKOS 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Running, walking, jumping, and throwing form the basis and key compo- nents of several sports and physical activity in general. Indeed, almost every- one has practised Athletics once in their life at school, college, or later, and enjoyed watching or taking part in competition in Athletics. As a result, Athletics is the number one sport at the Summer Olympic Games. Whether at recreational or elite level, regular practice of Athletics is some- times associated with musculoskeletal injuries; some of them being event- specific. Because of its unique universal nature, medicine of Athletics also faces a paradoxical situation where top performers in this sport often live and train in countries where sports medicine is either underdeveloped or simply does not exist. Therefore, it is important for coaches, sports physicians, orthopaedic sur- geons, and physiotherapists to know about the basics and the latest develop- ments in the Management of Track and Field Injuries. This is what the present book is about and, as the Director of the Health and Science Department at World Athletics and a former member of the ISAKOS, I strongly support such a publication which will for sure help to raise awareness and disseminate knowledge on Athletics injuries among health professionals. Stéphane Bermon Monaco, France Director – World Athletics Health and Science Department v Presidential Foreword Track and field can definitely be considered the purest form of athletic com- petition. Individuals that compete to see who is the fastest, can jump the high- est, or throw the furthest. I competed at Javelin, more in my Junior days, but was privileged to be coached by Klaus Wolfermann, the West German Olympic winner in 1972 by the smallest margin: ever 2 cm. He was so pas- sionate about his sport that it rubbed off on me. It is astonishing that the records just kept getting broken and at some stage they had to change the Javelin because the stadiums were getting too small. The athletes keep pushing their bodies to the absolute limits but sometimes these limits are overstepped and it leads to injury. It is our job to make sure we keep our athletes healthy not just for the time that they are competing but also in the long term. I find it incredible that so many surgeons work on this tirelessly, giving up time to make sure we learn from each other but also train the next generation. They love our athletes, are passionate about what they are doing and, by challenging one another, they keep setting the bar higher. Part of the book is dedicated to basic science of the musculoskeletal sys- tem, which is essential if we want to treat these injuries scientifically. Anything we do must be based on sound science and research. This book has managed to bring together a diverse group of world experts, which is what ISAKOS is all about: sharing knowledge from all corners of the globe. I thank all the authors and congratulate them on a fantastic book that will ultimately lead to better treatment for our athletes - from professionals to weekend warriors - so that they can live a full and active life for many years. Like Klaus Wolfermann, world record holder that had enough passion to coach some young kid in the art of throwing the Javelin, these surgeons devote their time to help even the most junior surgeon to constantly improve themselves in what they do. Willem van der Merwe ISAKOS President San Ramon, CA, USA vii Acknowledgements This book on Track and Field injuries is a result of a great teamwork. International experts have cooperated dedicating time and energy to share their knowledge in the respective fields of interest. We thank all the authors that have accepted with passion and enthusiasm to be part of this project. Like in every other undertaking, even the publication of a scientific book requires multiple supporting energies. We thank Prof. Jon Karlsson: he has been present every time we needed help. Jari Dahmen must be commended for his extraordinary help checking every chapter and cooperating daily with Catena Cottone and Valentina Casale. We also thank the ISAKOS team and our President Willem Van Der Merwe for their great support: ISAKOS has made possible the production of our book, and we are proud of being part of this great international scientific community. We also thank the Springer team that has backed us in the production of this book that is dedicated to the entire world of Athletics. Gian Luigi Canata Pieter D’Hooghe Kenneth J. Hunt Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs Umile Giuseppe Longo ix Contents Part I A natomy, Physiology and Biomechanics 1 The Burden and Epidemiology of Injury in Track and Field . . . 3 Pascal Edouard 2 Sprinter Muscle. Anatomy and Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 George A. Komnos and Jacques Menetrey 3 Tendons and Jumping: Anatomy and Pathomechanics of Tendon Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lukas Weisskopf, Thomas Hesse, Marc Sokolowski, and Anja Hirschmüller 4 Ligament Function and Pathoanatomy of Injury and Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Gabrielle C. Ma, James M. Friedman, Jae S. You, and Chunbong B. Ma 5 Anatomy and Function of Articular Cartilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Alberto Gobbi, Eleonora Irlandini, and Alex P. Moorhead 6 Bone Structure and Function in the Distance Runner . . . . . . . . 55 Giuseppe M. Peretti and Marco Domenicucci 7 Diagnostic Imaging in Track and Field Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Giuseppe Monetti Part II U pper Extremity 8 Shoulder Instability in Track and Field Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Hunter Bohlen and Felix Savoie 9 Rotator Cuff Injuries in Throwing Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Umile Giuseppe Longo, Giovanna Stelitano, Vincenzo Candela, and Vincenzo Denaro 10 Elbow Injuries in Throwing Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Luigi Adriano Pederzini, Matteo Bartoli, Andrea F. Cheli, and Anna Maria Alifano xi xii Contents 11 Wrist Injuries in Throwers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Margaret Woon Man Fok and Gregory I. Bain Part III H ip Injuries 12 Acute and Long-Standing Groin Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Per Hölmich and Lasse Ishøi 13 Femoral Neck Stress Fractures and Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 W. Michael Pullen and Marc Safran 14 Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome and Labral Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Rintje Agricola, Michiel van Buuren, and Pim van Klij 15 Peritrochanteric Disorders in Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Yosef Sourugeon, Baris Kocaoglu, Yaron Berkovich, Yaniv Yonai, and Lior Laver Part IV M uscle Injuries 16 Acute and Chronic Hamstring Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Robin Vermeulen, Anne D. van der Made, Johannes L. Tol, and Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs 17 Regenerative Medicine (Biological) Therapies for Acute Muscle Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Kenny Lauf, Anne D. van der Made, Gustaaf Reurink, Johannes L. Tol, and Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs 18 Compartment Syndrome and Shin Splints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Matteo Maria Tei, Giacomo Placella, Marta Sbaraglia, Pierluigi Antinolfi, and Giuliano Cerulli Part V Common Knee Injuries 19 Management of Track and Field: Knee Meniscal and Chondral Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Giacomo Zanon, Enrico Ferranti Calderoni, and Alberto Vascellari 20 Patellofemoral Overuse Injuries and Anterior Knee Pain . . . . . 207 Gian Luigi Canata, Valentina Casale, Antonio Pastrone, Alberto Vascellari, and Davide Venturin 21 Knee Ligament Injuries in Track and Field Athletes . . . . . . . . . 221 Christopher M. Gibbs, Jonathan D. Hughes, Giacomo Dal Fabbro, Margaret L. Hankins, Khalid Alkhelaifi, Stefano Zaffagnini, and Volker Musahl Contents xiii Part VI C ommon Foot and Ankle Injuries 22 Achilles Tendon, Calf, and Peroneal Tendon Injuries . . . . . . . . . 235 Pim A. D. van Dijk, Guilherme França, Jari Dahmen, Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs, Pieter D’Hooghe, and Jon Karlsson 23 Bunions, Hallux Rigidus, Turf Toe, and Sesamoid Injury in the Track and Field Athlete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Kenneth J. Hunt and Mark W. Bowers 24 Ankle Sprains and Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 J. Nienke Altink, Liam D. A. Paget, Robin P. Blom, Jari Dahmen, Miki Dalmau-Pastor, and Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs 25 Osteochondral Lesions of the Ankle: An Evidence-Based Approach for Track and Field Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Quinten G. H. Rikken, Jari Dahmen, J. Nienke Altink, Gian Luigi Canata, Pieter D’Hooghe, and Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs 26 Heel Spurs and Plantar Fasciitis in Runners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Masato Takao, Kosui Iwashita, Yasuyuki Jujo, Mai Katakura, and Yoshiharu Shimozono 27 Nerve Injuries in the Foot and Ankle: Neuromas, Neuropathy, Entrapments, and Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . 295 Lorraine Boakye, Nia A. James, Cortez L. Brown, Stephen P. Canton, Devon M. Scott, Alan Y. Yan, and MaCalus V. Hogan 28 Foot and Ankle Stress Fractures in Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Silvio Caravelli, Simone Massimi, Thomas P. A. Baltes, Jari Dahmen, Pieter D’Hooghe, and Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs Part VII Special Considerations 29 Injury Prevention in Track and Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Pascal Edouard 30 Management of Track and Field Injuries: Insights into Energy Availability in Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Tom G. H. Wiggers, John IJzerman, and Petra Groenenboom 31 The Aging Athlete: Influence of Age on Injury Risk and Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Thaisa Lazari Gomes, Larissa Oliveira Viana, Daniel Miranda Ferreira, Mauro Mitsuo Inada, Gerson Muraro Laurito, and Sergio Rocha Piedade 32 Growth and Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Adam D. G. Baxter-Jones
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