Management of Infertility: A Practical Approach PDF
Preview Management of Infertility: A Practical Approach
MANAGEMENT OF INFERTILITY This page intentionally left blank MANAGEMENT OF INFERTILITY A PRACTICAL APPROACH Edited by Antonio Simone Lagana` Unit ofGynecologicOncology, ARNAS “Civico - Di Cristina -Benfratelli” Department ofHealth Promotion,Mother andChild Care Internal Medicineand MedicalSpecialties (PROMISE) University ofPalermo, Palermo, Italy Antonino Guglielmino Centro HERA-Unita`di Medicinadella Riproduzione, Sant’Agata Li Battiati, Catania,Italy AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofany methods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-89907-9 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:StacyMasucci AcquisitionsEditor:PatriciaM.Osborn EditorialProjectManager:PatGonzalez ProductionProjectManager:SreejithViswanathan CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents Contributors xi Location 25 Preface xv Laboratory 26 Andrologylaboratory 26 Liquid nitrogen containersstorage room 26 1. Historyandepidemiologyofhumanfertility Gas cylinders central and management 27 HASSANN.SALLAMANDNOOMANH.SALLAM General materialstorage 27 The building structure 27 Fertility inthe ancient world 1 Airflow 27 Fertility inthe post-Renaissance era 2 Furniture 28 Fertility inmoderntimes 2 Equipment 28 The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis 2 Safety 28 The gonadotrophins 4 Personal experience 29 Gonadal steroids 4 Concluding remarks 29 Immuno-assaysand the femalehormonal interplay 5 References 29 Other milestones inthe history offertility 5 The IVF revolution 5 4. Workup of female infertility Further developments inassisted reproduction 5 GIOVANNIBUZZACCARINI,AMERIGOVITAGLIANO, The story ofICSI 6 ANDANTONIOSIMONELAGANA` Embryoselection,fertilitypreservation,andthefuture 6 Epidemiology ofhuman fertility 6 Introduction 31 Normalfertilitypatternsandthedefinitionofinfertility 6 Conclusion 38 Prevalenceofinfertility 6 References 38 Seeking infertilitytreatment 7 5. Work-up of male infertility Factors affecting the success ofinfertilitytreatment 7 Burden ofinfertility 8 LUCABOERI,EDOARDOPOZZI,ANDANDREASALONIA Access toinfertility services 8 References 9 Epidemiology 41 Etiologyand risk factors 41 2. SettingupanARTunit:planning,design, Diagnosticwork-up 42 and organization Patient’s history 42 Medical history 42 DOMENICOBALDINI,ISABELLACOBUZZI,AND Lifestylefactors 43 GIORGIOMARIABALDINI Surgical history 43 Planning 11 Family history 43 Design and building 12 Sexual history 43 Materials 14 Physical examination 43 Installations 15 Semen analysis 44 Ergonomics and flows 18 Measurement ofsperm DNA fragmentation index 45 References 23 Hormonal evaluation 46 Genetictesting 46 3. Building the assisted reproduction Chromosomal abnormalities 46 laboratory Autosomal abnormalities 47 Cystic fibrosis gene mutations 47 BIANCABIANCO,IVANHENRIQUEYOSHIDA,MICHELE TANADA,CLAUDIASAGANUMA,DENISEMARIA Y microdeletions 48 CHRISTOFOLINI,ANDCAIOPARENTEBARBOSA Measurement ofoxidativestress 48 Imaging 48 Introduction 25 Transrectal US 49 Purposes ofthe lab 25 v vi Contents Other 49 Pathogenesis 79 Summary 49 Etiology 80 References 49 Prevalence 80 Other associated anomalies 80 6. Prothrombotic gene polymorphisms and Clinicalpresentation 80 adverse reproductive outcomes in assisted Classification 80 reproductive technology Diagnosis 81 Uterineabnormalities 86 MILANTERZICANDGULZHANATAIMAGAMBETOVA Control after hysteroscopic surgery 94 Physiology ofcoagulation 55 Recommendations and conclusions 95 Coagulation factors’ gene mutations 55 References 95 Blood coagulation inpregnancy 57 10. Uterine fibroids and infertility Prothrombotic hereditary coagulopathies and recur- rent pregnancy loss 57 VERONIKAGU¨NTHER,DAMARISFREYTAG,AND ART procedures incurrent practice 58 IBRAHIMALKATOUT Prothrombotic gene polymorphisms and adverse reproductive outcomes inART 58 Introduction anddefinition 97 Preconceptionaland prenatal diagnostic approach 59 Pathophysiology 100 Possiblemanagement options 60 Diagnosis 100 Conclusions 60 Management 102 References 61 Recommendation 103 Conclusion 104 7. Endocrinological causes of female References 104 infertility 11. Endometriosis and infertility STELLALANCUBA,MARIAJOSEESPAN˜ADEMARCO, MARCOSSEANTHOMSON,ANDMARTATESONE TIMURGURGANANDGIZEMBEKTAS Introduction 65 Pathophysiology 107 Anovulation 65 Fertilitypreservation in women with endometriosis 112 Ovarian aging 66 References 113 Ovarian reserve 66 12. Endocrinological causes of male Primaryovarian insufficiency 66 infertility Polycystic ovary syndrome 67 Hypothalamic-pituitary axis pathology 67 ALAYMANHUSSEIN Therapeutical intervention 68 Preventing complications 69 Introduction 119 Final considerations 69 Hormonal actionson spermatogenesis 119 References 69 Hormonal regulations ofspermatogenesis 120 Endocrine conditionsassociated with male infertility 120 8. Management of tubal factor Evaluation ofan infertile man froman endocrino- logicalpoint ofview 121 ANTOINEWATRELOTANDM.ALNAQBI Therapies 121 Tubal infertility 71 The protocol ofhormonal treatment ofinfertilemen 122 Tubal lesions 71 References 123 What are the subtle tubal lesions? 72 13. Sperm DNA fragmentation: impact on Conclusion 77 ART outcome References 77 ALA’AFARKOUH,VILMANTEKODYTE,AHMAD 9. Cervical and uterine congenital MAJZOUB,ANDASHOKAGARWAL anomalies Introduction 125 LUISALONSOPACHECO,JOSECARUGNO,ANDLAURA Measuring SDF within the context ofART 125 NIETOPASCUAL The impact ofSDF on IUI 126 Introduction 79 The impact ofSDF on IVFand ICSI 126 Embryology: the origin ofanomalies 79 Approaches toreduceSDF inART 129 vii Contents Future directions 130 19. Ovulation induction protocols Summaryof key points 131 OMARSEFRIOUI References 131 Introduction 191 14. Male accessory gland infection: Indications 191 diagnosis and treatment Pre-IUItests 192 ROSSELLACANNARELLA,ROSITAA.CONDORELLI, Performing intrauterineinsemination 192 LAURACIMINO,LAURAM.MONGIO`I,MICHELE Prognosticfactors ofIUI 194 COMPAGNONE,FEDERICABARBAGALLO,ANDREA Conclusion 195 CRAFA,ALDOE.CALOGERO,ANDSANDROLAVIGNERA Bibliography 195 Definitionand classification 135 20. Ovarian stimulation protocols Impact on fertility: explanatory mechanisms 135 Diagnosis 136 KONSTANTINOSDAFOPOULOSAND BASILC.TARLATZIS Therapeutic strategies 139 Conclusion 142 Introduction 199 References 142 References 203 15. Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment 21. Oocyte retrieval of male infertility NINAJANC(cid:1)ARANDHELENABANFRANGEZ(cid:1) RHIANNADAVIES,CHANNAN.JAYASENA,AND SUKSMINHAS Introduction 205 Setting andequipment 205 Etiologyof male infertility 145 Preparation of the patient for oocyte Pathophysiologyofspermatogenesis 145 retrieval 206 Principles ofmanagement 145 Onthe day of oocyte retrieval 206 References 152 Technique 206 Anesthesia during oocyte retrieval 207 16. Surgical management of male infertility Oocyte recovery 208 and sperm retrieval After the oocyteretrieval 208 NICOLAARRIGHI Complications 208 References 209 Surgical management of conditionsrelatedto male infertility 155 22. Oocyte quality evaluation and Sperm retrieval in azoospermicmen 159 cryopreservation References 161 PINAROZCAN,BULUTVARLI,NECATIFINDIKLI, 17. How to choose the appropriate ART MURATBASAR,ANDENGINORAL techniqueandcounselingaboutreproductive Human oocyte qualityevaluation 211 outcomes Metaphase II (MII) oocytedysmorphisms 214 AINEMCNALLYANDMICHAELCHAPMAN Factors affecting oocytequality 215 Oocyte cryopreservation 216 References 169 Conclusion 218 Further reading 170 References 219 18. Preparing thecoupleforART:necessary 23. Ovarian hyperstimulation and unnecessary diagnostic tests syndrome ANDREAROBERTOCAROSSO,ALESSANDRORUFFA, STEFANOPALOMBAANDDONATELLACASERTA BERNADETTEEVANGELISTI,NOEMILUCIAMERCALDO, ANDREAGAROLLA,CARLOFORESTA,CHIARA Introduction 223 BENEDETTO,ANDALBERTOREVELLI Definition 223 Introduction 173 Epidemiology 223 Tests tobe performed by bothpartners 173 Classifications 225 Tests tobe performed by the woman 177 Pathophysiology 225 Tests tobe performed by the man 181 Clinical presentation 226 References 184 Clinical assessment 227 viii Contents Prevention 228 28. Luteal phase support Treatment 234 SERGIOPAPIER,MARIANAMIGUENS,AND Conclusions 236 ANDREACOSCIA References 237 Introduction 275 24. Sperm quality evaluation and Physiology ofthe luteal phase 275 cryopreservation Pharmacodynamics and types ofpresentation of progesterone 276 RHIANNADAVIES,CHANNAN.JAYASENA,AND SUKSMINHAS Routes ofadministration 276 LPS inassisted reproductive treatments 277 Sperm qualityevaluation 241 DisordersofendometrialreceptivityandPersonalized Cryopreservationofspermatozoa 246 EmbryoTransfer 281 References 247 Conclusions 282 References 282 25. In vitro fertilization and embryo culture in time-lapse imaging 29. Preimplantation genetic testing ALISONCAMPBELL,AMYBARRIE,ANDRACHELSMITH SANDRINECHAMAYOU Introducing time-lapse devices 251 Principleand history ofpreimplantation genetic Embryoselectionusingtime lapse 251 testing 287 Anticipating the future 256 Protocol ofPGT 288 Summary 257 Results and efficacy ofPGT 294 References 257 Conclusions and the future ofPGT 301 Acknowledgments 302 26. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection References 302 DEREKKEATING,STEPHANIECHEUNG,PHILIPXIE, 30. Embryo quality evaluation and OLENAM.KOCUR,ZEVROSENWAKS,AND GIANPIEROD.PALERMO cryopreservation Background 259 LIVIAPELLEGRINIANDMAUROCOZZOLINO Indications 260 Embryoquality evaluation 309 Popularity 261 Cryopreservation 312 Results 261 References 315 ICSIfor difficult cases 262 Considerations and future perspective 266 31. Frozen embryo transfer References 266 ERLISABARDHIANDPANAGIOTISDRAKOPOULOS 27. Embryo transfer Introduction 317 PIERALDOINAUDIANDBENEDETTASCARSELLI Background 318 Maternal andobstetric outcomes ofFET 321 Introduction 269 Conclusions 321 Learningcurves 269 References 322 Biofluidic dynamics ofembryo transfer 270 The role ofthe catheter and loading embryos 270 32. Egg and sperm donation Preparation of the uterusfor transfer 270 FERNANDOSA´NCHEZMART´IN,PASCUALSA´NCHEZ Mock transfer andtransvaginal ultrasound for the MART´IN,ANDJUANMANUELJIME´NEZTUN˜O´N measurementoftheendometrialcavitylengthand position 271 Introduction 325 Is the ultrasound supporteffective? 271 Indications for egg donation 325 Placement of embryos in the uterine cavity 271 Indications for sperm donation 325 Conclusions 272 Legal aspects 326 References 272 Organizing agamete donation program 326 Further reading 273 Donors 327 ix Contents Recipients 329 Techniques for fertility preservation inpediatric Results 331 patients 379 Eggbank 331 Pregnancyafter fertility preservation in cancer References 332 survivors 379 References 380 33. Recurrent miscarriage 37. Psychological impact of infertility and DALALKOJOK,GHINAGHAZEERI,AND WILLIAMKUTTEH ART procedures HELENEMITCHELLANDWENDYNORTON Introduction 333 Etiologies 334 Introduction 387 Parental chromosomal anomalies 334 The psychosocial impact of infertility 387 Conclusion 340 Psychosocial impact duringtreatment 388 References 341 Ending fertility treatment 390 Recommendationsfor clinicians 390 34. Repeated implantation failure Research limitations 392 MICHAILPAPAPANOUAND Conclusion 392 CHARALAMPOSSIRISTATIDIS References 393 Introduction 345 38. Risk, safety, and outcome monitoring in Definitions 345 the IVF clinic Causes 345 Diagnosticwork-up 346 ROSSANADIPAOLA,ANGELACUCCAROLLO,AND Interventions 347 SIMONEGARZON Conclusion 350 Introduction 397 References 350 Monitoring of risk,safety,andoutcome in ovarian stimulation 398 35. Gestational carrier Monitoring of risk,safety,andoutcome in oocyte NIKOLAOSPRAPASANDSTAMATIOSPETOUSIS retrieval 398 Monitoring of risk,safety,andoutcome for semen Introduction 357 collection andpreparation 399 Indications for surrogacy 357 Monitoring of risk,safety,andoutcome in laboratory 399 Selection process and criteria ofgestational carrier 358 Monitoringofrisk,safety,andoutcomefortheentire Counseling and legal requirements 358 IVF process 402 Synchronization of cycle 358 Long-termoutcomes for progenyand women 403 Obstetriccare ofsurrogate 359 References 403 Risks associated with surrogacy 359 Ethical,religious, and financial concerns about the 39. Regulation, data management, informed surrogacyprocedure 359 consent, and legal issues for ART Psychological impact with surrogacy 360 Conclusion 361 ILARIASOAVEANDROBERTOMARCI References 361 Introduction 405 ART regulation 405 36. Femaleandmalefertilitypreservationin Quality and data management 407 oncology Informedconsent 408 FEDERICOFERRARI,MARTINARATTI,ANNACONSOLI, References 408 FILIPPOALBERTOFERRARI,ENRICOSARTORI,AND FRANCOODICINO 40. Impact of COVID-19 on ART (Assisted Reproductive Technologies) Introduction 363 Multidisciplinary fertility sparing team 363 DOMENICOCARONE Counseling and psychological support 364 Eligibilityfor fertility sparing 364 Introduction 411 Cancer treatmentsthat affectfemalefertility 364 SARS-CoV-2 andreproductive system 411 Cancer treatmentsthat affectmale fertility 367 References 416 Techniques for fertility preservation offemale Index 419 patients 370 Techniques for fertility preservation inmales 377
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