Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer PDF
Preview Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Anne T. Mancino Lawrence T. Kim Editors 123 Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Anne T. Mancino • Lawrence T. Kim Editors Management of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Editors Anne T. Mancino Lawrence T. Kim General Surgery Division of Surgical Oncology Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare University of North Carolina System, University of Arkansas Chapel Hill, North Carolina Little Rock, Arkansas USA USA ISBN 978-3-319-54492-2 ISBN 978-3-319-54493-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54493-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017943534 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword I am deeply honored to write the Foreword for Dr. Larry Kim and Dr. Anne Mancino’s book on thyroid cancer. They have recruited 22 expert endocrine thyroidologists and co-authors who have contributed up-to-date and clearly written chapters regarding thyroid cancer. The book’s well-organized chap- ters include considerably new information regarding epidemiology, molecu- lar biology, pathology, and the reasons for different thyroid operations and lymph node dissection as well as a nonoperative treatment with a close obser- vation of small papillary thyroid cancers. The authors clearly describe current prognostic and risk assessment guidelines as well as new information regard- ing the quality of life of patients with thyroid cancer. The authors also note that what was formerly considered to be encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer is now considered to be a benign thyroid tumor rather than a thyroid cancer. Several chapters address the use of ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET scans as well as the use of thyroglobulin and calcitonin as tumor markers with more selective use of radioactive iodine. Differentiated Thyroid Cancer provides an essential resource for endocrinologists, endo- crine and head and neck surgeons, as well as surgical residents and surgical fellows and students. San Francisco, CA, USA Orlo H. Clark v Preface Thyroid cancer is an endlessly fascinating disease. Patients generally do well which is pleasant and rewarding. However the unpredictability of the disease can be striking, as some individuals, for reasons that are still essentially com- pletely unknown, have disease that rapidly progresses to death. Over the past several years, our understanding of thyroid cancer has grown dramatically. We have a fairly clear picture of the high prevalence of asymptomatic and clinically innocuous thyroid cancer and a better understanding of the driver mutations responsible for the transformation of follicular epithelium. The previous rush toward ever more aggressive treatment has reversed toward the recognition that less treatment is adequate in most cases. This has even extended to the point where observation alone can be considered for some thyroid cancers. Yet important questions remain. As of today we are unable to reliably correlate aggressive clinical behavior with specific genetic changes. This will be key if we are to customize treatment for individual patients and develop more effective targeted therapy. This book is intended for all practitioners interested in thyroid cancer. It is intended to provide a foundation for understanding treatment options and treatment guidelines, even as they change in the future. The editors hope that it can contribute to more informed, rational, and appropriate treatment for individual patients. The creation of this book has been a challenging and rewarding effort for the editors. We would like to thank all of the authors who have written truly outstanding original material. Their work, dedication, and talent cannot be over-recognized. We would also like to thank our patients who have taught us humility. In some cases this humility is required because of our complications or because the disease defies all our best predictions. And in a few cases, we are humbled by our patients’ courage as they face an inevitable and unbeat- able disease. We would also like to thank our colleagues, residents, and stu- dents who challenge and educate us on a daily basis. And finally we would like to thank our families for their tolerance and love. Little Rock, Arkansas, USA Anne T. Mancino Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Lawrence T. Kim vii Contents 1 The Rising Incidence of Thyroid Cancer: Contributions from Healthcare Practice and Biologic Risk Factors .......... 1 Benjamin Schmidt and Louise Davies 2 Molecular Genetics of Thyroid Cancer ..................... 15 Laura N. Purcell and Jen Jen Yeh 3 Evaluation of a Thyroid Nodule .......................... 29 Jennifer Rosen and Vardan Papoian 4 Pathologic Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer ................... 37 Xiaoyin Sara Jiang, Susan Maygarden, and Leslie G. Dodd 5 Molecular Diagnostic Approaches and Their Clinical Utility ......................................... 65 Laura N. Purcell, Paula D. Strassle, and Jen Jen Yeh 6 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer ........................................ 79 Cord Sturgeon, Dina Elaraj, and Anthony Yang 7 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Follicular Thyroid Cancer ........................................ 93 Reese W. Randle and Rebecca S. Sippel 8 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer ................................... 105 Benjamin Gigliotti and Sareh Parangi 9 High-Risk and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ....... 115 Shirley Yan, Shelby Holt, Saad Khan, and Fiemu Nwariaku 10 Pediatric Thyroid Cancer ............................... 125 Melanie Goldfarb and Trevan Fischer 11 Active Surveillance as the Initial Course of Action in Low-Risk Papillary Microcarcinoma ................... 135 Yasuhiro Ito, Akira Miyauchi, and Hitomi Oda 12 Surgical Treatment of Papillary and Follicular Thyroid Cancer ....................................... 143 David T. Hughes and Paul G. Gauger ix x Contents 13 Lymph Node Dissection for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ....................................... 153 Jeff Moley 14 The Debate for Elective Lymph Node Dissection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ......................... 171 Nicole Zern and Mark Sywak 15 The Debate against Elective Lymph Node Dissection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ......................... 181 Iain J. Nixon and Ashok R. Shaha 16 Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Prognostic and Risk Assessment Systems ........................... 189 Jonathan Black and Lawrence Kim 17 Role of Radioactive Iodine for Remnant Ablation in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer ................. 205 Nicole M. Iniguez-Ariza, Suneetha Kaggal, and Ian D. Hay 18 Considerations in Thyrotropin- Stimulating Hormone Suppression in Individuals with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer ....................................... 223 Jennifer M. Perkins 19 Imaging Modalities in the Diagnosis of Recurrent or Metastatic Thyroid Cancer ........................... 233 Jorge Daniel Oldan, Jenny Hoang, and Terry Zekon Wong 20 Operative Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Disease .... 255 Kristin L. Long and Nancy D. Perrier 21 Local and Systemic Treatment of Unresectable Disease ...... 263 Naifa Lamki Busaidy and Tania Jaber 22 Surveillance Strategies After Initial Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 281 Deepa Kirk Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Contributors Jonathan Black Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Naifa Lamki Busaidy Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Louise Davies White River Junction Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, White River Junction, VT, USA Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, VA Outcomes Group—111B, White River Junction, VT, USA Leslie G� Dodd Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Dina Elaraj, M�D� Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Trevan Fischer, M�D� Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA Paul G� Gauger, M�D� Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Benjamin Gigliotti, M�D� Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Melanie Goldfarb, M�D�, M�Sc�, F�A�C�S�, F�A�C�E� Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA Ian D� Hay, B�Sc�, M�B� Ch�B�, Ph�D, F�A�C�E�, F�A�C�P�, F�R�C�P� Division of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA Jenny Hoang Diagnostic Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA xi xii Contributors Shelby Holt Departments of Surgery and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA David T� Hughes, M�D� Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Nicole M� Iniguez-Ariza, M�D� Division of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA Yasuhiro Ito Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan Tania Jaber Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Xiaoyin Sara Jiang Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Suneetha Kaggal, B�S� Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA Saad Khan Departments of Surgery and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Lawrence Kim Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Deepa Kirk, M�D� Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Kristin L� Long, M�D� Department of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA Susan Maygarden Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Akira Miyauchi Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan Jeff Moley Section of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Iain J� Nixon, Ph�D� Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK Fiemu Nwariaku Departments of Surgery and Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA Hitomi Oda Department of Surgery, Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan Jorge Daniel Oldan Diagnostic Radiology, University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill Hospitals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Vardan Papoian Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
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