Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance (Infectious Disease)

366 Pages·2001·1.52 MB·English

by  Arch G. Mainous III

Management
of
Antimicrobials
in
Infectious Diseases
Impact of Antibiotic Resistance
Edited by
A G. M III,
RCH AINOUS PhD
C P ,
LAIRE OMEROY MD
HUMANA PRESS
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases
I
n f e c t i o u s . D i s e a s e
SERIES EDITOR: Vassil St. Georgiev
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Institutes of Health
Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New
Directions in Drug Discovery, edited by Philip J. Rosenthal, MD,2001
Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases, edited by
Stephen C. Piscitelli, PharmD andKeith A. Rodvold, PharmD, 2001
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic
Resistance,edited by Arch G. Mainous III, PhD and Claire Pomeroy, MD, 2001
Infectious Disease in the Aging: A Clinical Handbook, edited by
Thomas T. Yoshikawa, MD and Dean C. Norman, MD, 2001
Infectious Causes of Cancer:Targets for Intervention,edited by
James J. Goedert, MD,2000
II nn ff ee cc tt ii oo uu ss .. DD ii ss ee aa ss ee
Management
of Antimicrobials
in Infectious Diseases
Impact of Antibiotic Resistance
Edited by
Arch G. Mainous III,
PHD
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
Claire Pomeroy,
MD
College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey
© 2001 Humana Press Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Management of antimicrobials in infectious diseases : impact of antibiotic resistance / edited by
Arch G. Mainous III, Claire Pomeroy.
p. ; cm. -- (Infectious disease)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89603-821-1 (alk. paper)
1. Communicable diseases--Treatment. 2. Communicable diseases--Chemotherapy. 3.
Anti-infective agents. I. Mainous, Arch G. II. Pomeroy, Claire, 1955- III. Infectious
disease (Totowa, N.J.)
[DNLM: 1. Infection--drug therapy. 2. Anti-Infective Agents--therapeutic use. 3.
Communicable Diseases--drug therapy. WC 195 M2655 2000]
RC111 .M255 2000
616.9'0461--dc21
00-022071
Dedication
To my son, Ryan W. Mainous
To my husband, William Preston Robertson

Preface
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resis-
tance is designed to help clinicians who provide care for common infectious condi-
tions. The book is intended as a resource for generalist physicians and midlevel
practitioners as well as infectious disease specialists. Our goal is to delineate an under-
standing of commonly encountered infectious pathogens and outline rational
approaches to the management of clinical entities encountered in both ambulatory and
hospital-based practice.
The World Health Organization's recent 2000 Report on Infectious Diseases is focused
on overcoming antimicrobial resistance and alerts us to the global importance of this
issue. Optimal antimicrobial use is essential in this era of escalating antibiotic resis-
tance, and an understanding of the appropriate use of antimicrobials, particularly in
light of resistant pathogens, is necessary for clinicians engaged in frontline care.
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resis-
tance was designed as a resource for the evidence-based antimicrobial treatment of
infectious diseases encountered in both the hospital and outpatient settings. Special
emphasis is placed on those aspects of treatment necessitated by the growing problem
of antibiotic resistance.
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resis-
tance opens with chapters focusing on the significant pathogens, followed by articles
concentrating on their clinical management. This strategy was undertaken to provide
the clinician with two different, yet complementary, ways of understanding and man-
aging a clinical problem. In addition, in order to more fully explicate the message
of appropriate use of antimicrobials, coverage is accorded to strategies for promoting
such appropriate antimicrobial use and to future trends in both treatment and antimi-
crobial resistance.
It is our hope that Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseasewill disseminate
the practical knowledge every physician treating infectious diseases needs, both to improve
the quality of medical care and to help address the rise of antimicrobial resistance.
Arch G. Mainous III, PHD
Claire Pomeroy, MD
vii

Contents
Preface................................................................................................................ vii
List of Contributors.........................................................................................xiii
I INTRODUCTION
1 Antibiotic Resistance and Implications for the Appropriate Use
of Antimicrobial Agents
Andrea L. Benin and Scott F. Dowell..............................................................3
II SIGNIFICANT PATHOGENS
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria
Thomas S. Stalder and Laurel C. Preheim....................................................29
3 Gram-Negative Bacteria
Robert P. Rapp and Kenneth E. Record........................................................43
4 Viruses
Gregory S. Felzien and Edwin A. Brown......................................................61
5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
Frank Romanelli and Claire Pomeroy..........................................................85
6 Fungal Infections
Claire Pomeroy and Norman L. Goodman ................................................101
III MANAGEMENTOF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
7 Upper Respiratory Infections and Acute Bronchitis
Arch G. Mainous III and William J. Hueston .......................................... 127
8 Diagnosis and Management of Pneumonia
Sundar Natarajan and Kimberly Rakes .....................................................143
9 Tuberculosis
Martin E. Evans...............................................................................................157
10 Current Cost-Effective Management of Urinary Tract Infections
James R. Johnson............................................................................................ 171
ix