Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resistance

348 Pages·2001·10.453 MB·English

by  Andrea L. Benin, Scott F. Dowell (auth.), Arch G. Mainous III PhD, Claire Pomeroy MD (eds.)

Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases
s e
SERIES EDITOR: Vassil St. Georgiev
National Institute of Affergy attd Itrfectious Diseases
ational Institutes of Healtll
Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms ofA ction, Resistance, and New
Directions in Drug Discovery, edited by Philip ]. Rosenthal, MD, 2001
Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases, edited by
Stephen C. Piscitelli, PharmD and Keith A. Rodvold, PharmD, 2001
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact ofA ntibiotic
Resistance, edited by Arch G. Mainous III, PhD and Claire Pomeroy, MD, 2001
Infectious Disease in the Aging: A Clinical Handbook, edited by
Thomas T. Yoshikawa, MD and Dean C. Norman, MD, 2001
Infectious Causes of Cancer: Targets for Intervention, edited by
James ]. Goedert, MD, 2000
Management
of Antimicrobials
in Infectious Diseases
Impact of Antibiotic Resistance
Edited by
Arch G. Mainous 111,
PHD
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
Claire Pomeroy,
MD
College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 2001
Ali rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the
Publisher.
All authored papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the
information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to
ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted
at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from
clinica! experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the
product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings
and contraindications. This is of utrnost importance when the recomrnended drug herein is a new or infrequently used
drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual
patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status
of each drug or device used in their clinica! practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors
or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no
warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.
G
This publication is printed on acid-free paper.
ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence ofPaper for Printed Library Materials.
Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary.
Cover art from: Stannard, L. M. ( 1997) Direct lmmunogold Labe ling ofHerpesvirus Suspensions, in Herpes Simplex Virus
Protocols. (Brown, S. M. and MacLean, A. R., eds.), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact
Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel: [phone]; Fax: [phone];
E-mail: [email protected], or visit our Website: http://humanapress.com
Photocopy Authorization Policy:
Authorization to photocopy items for interna! or personal use, or the interna! or personal use of specific clients, is granted
by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, provided that the base fee ofUS $10.00 per copy, plus US $00.25 per page,
is paid directly to
the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is accepta bie to Springer
Science+Business Media, LLC, The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [0-89603-821-1/01
$10.00 + $00.25].
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Management of antimicrobials in infectious diseases : impact of antibiotic resistance 1 edited by
Arch G. Mainous III, Claire Pomeroy.
p. ; cm. ·· (lnfectious disease)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-5708-8 ISBN 978-1-59259-036-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-036-0
1. Communicable diseases--Treatment. 2. Communicable diseases--Chemotherapy. 3.
Anti-infective agents. 1. Mainous, Arch G. II. Pomeroy, Claire, 1955-III. Infectious
disease (Totowa, N.J.)
[DNLM: 1. Infection--drug therapy. 2. Anti-lnfective Agents--therapeutic use. 3.
Communicable Diseases--drug therapy. WC 195 M2655 2000]
RClll .M255 2000
616.9'0461--dc21
00-022071
Dedication
Ta my san, Ryan W. Mainaus
Ta my husband, William Prestan Rabertsan
Preface
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resis
tance is designed to help clinicians who provide care for common infectious condi
tions. The book is intended as a resource for generalist physicians and midlevel
practitioners as weil as infectious disease specialists. Our goal is to delineate an under
standing of commonly encountered infectious pathogens and outline rational
approaches to the management of clinical entities encountered in both ambulatory and
hospital-based practice.
The World Health Organization's recent 2000 Report on Infectious Diseases is focused
on overcoming antimicrobial resistance and alerts us to the global importance of this
issue. Optimal antimicrobial use is essential in this era of escalating antibiotic resis
tance, and an understanding of the appropriate use of antimicrobials, particularly in
light of resistant pathogens, is necessary for clinicians engaged in frontline care.
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resis
tance was designed as a resource for the evidence-based antimicrobial treatment of
infectious diseases encountered in both the hospital and outpatient settings. Special
emphasis is placed on those aspects of treatment necessitated by the growing problern
of antibiotic resistance.
Management of Antimicrobials in Infectious Diseases: Impact of Antibiotic Resis
tance opens with chapters focusing on the significant pathogens, followed by articles
concentrating on their clinical management. This strategy was undertaken to provide
the clinician with two different, yet complementary, ways of understanding and man
aging a clinical problem. In addition, in order to more fully explicate the message
of appropriate use of antimicrobials, coverage is accorded to strategies for promoting
such appropriate antimicrobial use and to future trends in both treatment and antimi
crobial resistance.
It is our hope that Management ofA ntimicrobials in Infectious Disease will disseminate
the practical knowledge every physician treating infectious diseases needs, both to improve
the quality of medical care and to help address the rise of antimicrobial resistance.
Arch G. Mainous III, PuD
Claire Pomeroy, MD
Vll
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................ vii
List of Contributors ......................................................................................... xiii
I INTRODUCTION
1 Antibiotic Resistance and Implications for the Appropriate Use
of Antimicrobial Agents
Andrea L. Benin and Scott F. Dowell .............................................................. 3
II SIGNIFICANT PATHOGENS
2 Gram-Positive Bacteria
Thomas S. Stalder and Laurel C. Preheim .................................................... 29
3 Gram-Negative Bacteria
Robert P. Rapp and Kenneth E. Record ........................................................ 43
4 Viruses
Gregory S. Felzien and Edwin A. Brown ...................................................... 61
5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus I Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
Frank Romanelli and Claire Pomeroy .......................................................... 85
6 Fungal Infections
Claire Pomeroy and Norman L. Goodman ................................................ 101
111 MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
7 Upper Respiratory Infections and Acute Bronchitis
Arch G. Mainous III and William J. Hueston .......................................... 127
8 Diagnosis and Management of Pneumonia
Sundar Natarajan and Kimberly Rakes ..................................................... 143
9 Tuberculosis
Martin E. Evans ............................................................................................... 157
10 Current Cost-Effective Management of Urinary Tract Infections
James R. Johnson ............................................................................................ 171
ix
Contents
X
11 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Alice C. Thornton, David Adkins, and Janet Arno ................................... 185
12 Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Laurie Haas and Luis Marsano .................................................................... 217
13 Endocarditis
Lena Daghestani .............................................................................................. 239
14 Infections of the Central Nervous System
Avi Nath and Joseph Berger .......................................................................... 253
15 Common Infections of the Skin and Bone
Peter J. Carek and Jonathan Sack ............................................................... 273
IV
SPECIAL CoNSIDERATIONS
16 Strategies for Optimal Antimicrobial Use
Lori M. Dickerson and Arch G. Mainous III. ............................................ 291
17 Antimicrobial Resistant Flora in the Hospital
Bruce S. Ribner ................................................................................................. 307
18 Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
Vicki A. Morrison ............................................................................................ 315
19 Future Trends in Antimicrobial Use
Arch G. Mainous III and Claire Pomeroy .................................................. 331
Index ............................................................................................................. 341
The Editors
DR. ARCH G. MAINOUS 111 is Associate Professor and
Director of Research in the Department of Family Medi
cine at the Medical University of South Carolina. He is
an accomplished investigator with research interests in
improving the delivery of primary care and the overuse
of antibiotics in respiratory infections. He has written
more than 90 peer-reviewed articles in addition to three
book chapters and a monograph on upper respiratory
infections. Dr. Mainous' work on overuse of antibiotics
has appeared in a variety of joumals including JAMA and
Lancet. His research has been honored by the American
Academy of Family Physicians, the Society of Teachers
of Family Medicine, and the North American Primary
Care Research Group.
DR. CLAIRE POMEROY is Professor and Chief of lnfec
tious Diseases in the Department of Interna} Medicine at
the University of Kentucky. She also serves as Associate
Chief of Staff for the Chandler Medical Center and
Assistant Dean for Clinical Affairs at the University of
Kentucky College of Medicine. Herresearch interests are
focused on host response to infections, particularly oppor
tunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. She
has published extensively on a variety of topics related to
infectious diseases and is the author of more than 70 peer
reviewed papers, as weil as numerous book chapters.
xi