Man-Made Landscape: Prepared in Cooperation With the International Federation of Landscape Architects (Museums and Monuments, 16)

172 Pages·1977·12.7 MB·English

by  International Federation of Landscape Architects

museums and monuments XVI
The
man-made
landscape
museums and monuments XVI
Titles in this series :
I Sites and monuments :p roblems of today.
IOO pages, 115 illustrations,p lans, index, 2nd ed., 1953 (bilingual), out of print.
I1 The care of paintings.
164p ages, 87 illustrations, diagrams, index, 2nd ed., 1952 (bilingual), out of print.
I11 Cuzco :re construction of the town and restoration of its monuments.
64 illustrations and maps, 1952 (also in French and Spanish), out of print.
IV Saint Sophia of Ochrida :pr eservation and restoration of the building and its frescoes.
28 pages, 37 illustrations and maps, 1953 (also in French), out of print.
V Manual of travelling exhibitions.
112 pages, 18 diagrams, 70 illustrations, 1953 (also in French), out of print, see number X
below.
VI Lebanon :su ggestions for the plan of Tripoli and for the surroundings of the Baalbeck Acropolis.
48 pages, I map, 7 diagrams, 44 illustrations, 1934 (out of print).
VI1 Syria :pr oblems of preservation and presentation of sites and monuments.
52 pages, GI illustrations, 3 maps, 1954 (also in French and Arabic), out of print.
VI11 Protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict.
346 pages, 124 figures, 137 illustrations, 1958 (French edition is out of print).
Ix The organtration of museums :pr actical advice.
188 pages, 18 figures, 8 tables, 91 illustrations, 1959 (also in French).
X Temporary and travelling exhibitions.
123 pages, 23 figures, 88 illustrations, 1963 (also in French).
XI The conservation of cultural propero, with special reference to tropical conditions.
Prepared in co-operation with
the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural
Property, Rome, 341 pages, 60 figures, 43 illustrations,1 967 (also in French and Spanish).
XI1 Field manual for museums.
176 pages, 44 figures, 3 5 plates (also in French).
XI11 Underwater archaeology :a nascent discipline.
308 pages, 97 figures, 67 plates, 1972 (also in French).
XIV Preserving and restoring monuments and historic buildings.
267 pages, 36 figures, 37 plates, 1972 (also in French).
xv Museums, imagination and education.
148 pages, 70 plates, 1973 (also in French).
XVI The man-made landscape.
Prepared in co-operation with the International Federation of Landscape Architects, I 78 pages,
8 figures, 46 illustrations, 1977.
The
m a n - m a d e
landscape
Prepared in co-operation with
the International Federation of
Landscape Architects
.
Published in 1977 by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
7, Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris
Printed by Imprimeries Rtunies S.A., Lausame
ISBN
92-3-101455-2
0 Unesco 1977
Printed in Switxerland
Contents
7
Foreword 9
The atlthors I1
I Introduction 15
by HIROSDHAII FUKU
z Amsterdam: green spaces for
a city on land recovered from the sea
by F. G. BREMAN
3 The urban landscape and 41
the care of trees
by A. HOEKSTRA
4 Utilitarian construction in the 13
man-made landscape-waterways
by PETERW HITE
1 Historic gardens
Introduction by RENP~E CHBRE 73
The European experience 71
by M.F . DOWNING
Japanese gardens 88
by YOSHINOYBOUS HINAGA
6 Planning landscaping programmes
by GERHARODL SCHOWY
7 A reclamation programme- I11
strip mining
by GERHARODL SCHOWY
8 Regional planning-an example 127
from the United States
by HUBERB.T O WENS
9 Landscape reclamation
in the United States
by CHRISTOPHTERU NNARD
Appendixes
I Trees and the man-made landscape 169
by G.P ARLEVLIET
t Trees for urban areas 177
in the tropics and sub-tropics
by H,R . FUCHS-LEEUWIN
List of illustrations
Plates 27. Versailles.
I. A terraced ricefield, Bali, Indonesia. 2 8. The Powerscourt Demesne,
2. (a) The face of Rameses 11. Enniskerry.
(b) Reassembling the temples Model of a shinden palace
of Abu Simbel. and garden.
Palenque,a classic Maya site in Mexico. Natural formations along the seacoast
Machu Picchu, Peru. of Japan.
A modern motorway. The Kinkakuji or Roku-onjit emple.
The sea coast and waste disposal. The Ryoanji temple garden.
Production-Neolithic and industrial The garden of the Shugakuin Imperial
revolution. Villa.
8. Aerial view of polder land in 1936. (a), (b) The Unesco garden.
9. Aerial view of the same area in 1970. (U) A modern cutter wheel excavator
IO. Pony rides in Het Bos. used in strip mining.
zz. Fishing and boating in Het Bos. (b) A strip mine in the Rhineland.
12. (a), (b) Scenes from Amstelland. 3 6. (a) Reclamation and agricultural
13. (a) , (b) Air views-infra-red- development.
of Amsterdam showing the (b) Reclamation and landscape
condition of trees. development in the Rhineland.
Effect of water-loggingo n tree growth. 37. Eroded land in the Tennessee Valley
Severn River at Worcester. in the 1930s.
Garbage. . . J 8- The I 93 7 flood in Paducah, Kentucky.
New uses for old buildings. 99. The Hiwassee Dam in North Carolina.
Newhall branch, Birmingham (before). (a) River transport in the 1930s.
40.
(a), (b) Newhall branch, after (b) Modern barge 'tows' in the TVA
and detail. system.
20. A thermal power station along a canal. .'4 Coal-fuelled electric generating plant.
2I. Storm water discharge. 42. (a) Conditions prior to rural
22. Patterns in brick. electrification.
The Engine Arm Aqueduct- (b) Installing power lines.
23.
Smethwick. Contemporary farming scene.
24. (a) The Romantic period in England, Fishing and afforestation.
'Pr aeneste' . Atlanta, symbol of the new South.
(b) Stourhead. (a) Pastureland from reclaimed
Vaux-le-Vicomte. strip mining.
2J.
2 6. Chenonceaux in the Loire Valley. (b) Afforestation of strip-mined land.
List of illustrations
Figzlres
I. Man-hours reduced through new 4. (a), (b) Lignite area of the Rhineland.
techniques. 5. Reclamation of farm land.
2. Use of multispectral sensing equipment. 6. The Southern United States.
3. Eighteenth-century map of 7. (a), (b) The TVA system of dams.
Birmingham.
8
Foreword
The term ‘landscape’r efers to the surface of structed during the eighteenth century may
the earth, a surface which is constantly sub- recall a more leisurely period, its replace-
ject to change from natural forces such as ment by a new concrete bridge, widened to
climatic seasonal changes, erosional effects admit heavier automobile traffic may not
of wind and water, the growth of vegeta- only destroy associations with the past, but
tion, changes in faunal associations. . . the also contribute to increased motor traffic;
list is endless and the interplay of all these as a consequence, the exhaust fumes may
forces is highly complex. affect the surrounding vegetation and other
In addition, the increasingly important social changes in nearby towns be accel-
effects of man, his way of life and his erated.
machines affect not only the natural land- The discussion which follows attempts to
scape, but the area of the man-made land- review some of the consequences of
scape formed by the extractive industries change, the need for conservation and
and the construction of buildings, high- necessity of encouraging programmes
ways, dams-a list which is impressively which would contribute to the well-being
long is increasingly affecting &~~FsE& lh§ A; it has
landscape. already been the subject of studies on the
The construction of a dam and the intro- environment and the biosphere, the natural
duction of irrigation agriculture may cause landscape is touched upon, but the main
a desert to bloom. Conversely, the agricul- concentration is upon the man-made land-
tural practices followed may cause a rise in scape.
the heavily saline water-table resulting in Many of the chapters which are included
waterlogging and salinization so that vege- in this publication were prepared with the
tation disappears, the fields are abandoned collaboration of the International Federa-
and ironically the desert area is expanded. A tion of Landscape Architects (IFLA), a
concrete highway may cut through forest non-governmental organization affiliated
lands and the change in the environment with Unesco.
may condemn a local specialized species of Opinions and views expressed are, of
plant to extinction. A covered bridge con- course, those of the authors.
9