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Man-machine dialogue: design and challenges PDF

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ManMachine Dialogue ManMachine Dialogue Design and Challenges Frédéric Landragin Series Editor Patrick Paroubek Firstpublished2013inGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatesbyISTELtdandJohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,thispublicationmayonlybereproduced, storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentionedaddress: ISTELtd JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. 27-37StGeorge’sRoad 111RiverStreet LondonSW194EU Hoboken,NJ07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com ©ISTELtd2013 TherightsofFrédéricLandragintobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhavebeenassertedbyhimin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2013939407 BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-84821-457-6 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd.,Croydon,SurreyCR04YY Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv PART 1. HISTORICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL LANDMARKS . . 1 Chapter1.AnAssessmentoftheEvolution ofResearchandSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.Afewessentialhistoricallandmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1.1.Firstmotivations,firstwrittensystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1.2.Firstoralandmultimodalsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.1.3.Currentsystems: multiplicityoffieldsandtechniques . . . 14 1.2.Alistofpossibleabilitiesforacurrentsystem . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.2.1.Recordingdevicesandtheiruse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2.2.Analysisandreasoningabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.2.3.Systemreactiontypesandtheirmanifestation . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.Thecurrentchallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.1.Adaptingandintegratingexistingtheories . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.2.Diversifyingsystems’abilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3.3.Rationalizingthedesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.3.4.Facilitatingtheimplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.4.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Chapter2.Man–MachineDialogueFields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.1.Cognitiveaspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.1.Perception,attentionandmemory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 vi Man–MachineDialogue 2.1.2.Representationandreasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.3.Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2.Linguisticaspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.1.Levelsoflanguageanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2.2.Automaticprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.3.Computeraspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3.1.Datastructuresanddigitalresources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3.2.Man–machineinterfaces,plasticinterfaces andergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.4.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Chapter3.TheDevelopmentStagesofaDialogueSystem . . . . . . 47 3.1.Comparingafewdevelopmentprogresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1.1.Ascenariomatchingthe1980s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1.2.Ascenariomatchingthe2000s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1.3.Ascenariotoday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.2.Descriptionofthemainstagesofdevelopment . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2.1.Specifyingthesystem’staskandroles . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2.2.Specifyingcoveredphenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.2.3.Carryingoutexperimentsandcorpusstudies. . . . . . . . . 55 3.2.4.Specifyingtheprocessingprocesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2.5.Resourcewritinganddevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.2.6.Assessmentandscalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.3.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Chapter4.ReusableSystemArchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1.Run-timearchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.1.1.Alistofmodulesandresources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.1.2.Theprocessflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.1.3.Moduleinteractionlanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.2.Design-timearchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2.1.Toolkits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2.2.Middlewareforman–machineinteraction . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.2.3.Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.3.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 TableofContents vii PART 2. INPUTS PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Chapter5.SemanticAnalysesandRepresentations . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.1.Languageindialogueandinman–machinedialogue . . . . . . . 78 5.1.1.Themaincharacteristicsofnaturallanguage . . . . . . . . . 78 5.1.2.Oralandwrittenlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.1.3.Languageandspontaneousdialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.1.4.Languageandconversationalgestures . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.2.Computationalprocesses: fromthesignaltothemeaning . . . . 85 5.2.1.Syntacticanalyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 5.2.2.Semanticandconceptualresources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.3.Semanticanalyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.3.Enrichingmeaningrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.3.1.Attheleveloflinguisticutterance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.3.2.Atthelevelofmultimodalutterance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.4.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Chapter6.ReferenceResolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.1.Objectreferenceresolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.1.1.Multimodalreferencedomains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.1.2.Visualsceneanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.1.3.Pointinggestureanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.1.4.Referenceresolutiondependingondetermination . . . . . . 102 6.2.Actionreferenceresolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.2.1.Actionreferenceandverbalsemantics . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.2.2.Analyzingtheutterance“putthatthere” . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3.Anaphoraandcoreferenceprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.4.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Chapter7.DialogueActsRecognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.1.Natureofdialogueacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.1.1.Definitionsandphenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 7.1.2.Theissuewithindirectacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.1.3.Theissuewithcompositeacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.2.Identificationandprocessingofdialogueacts . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.2.1.Actidentificationandclassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.2.2.Indirectandcompositeacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.3.Multimodaldialogueactprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.4.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 viii Man–MachineDialogue PART 3. SYSTEM BEHAVIOR AND EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chapter8.AFewDialogueStrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.1.Naturalandcooperativeaspectsofdialoguemanagement . . . . 128 8.1.1.Commongoalandcooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 8.1.2.Speakingturnsandinteractiveaspects . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 8.1.3.Interpretationandinferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8.1.4.Dialogue,argumentationandcoherence . . . . . . . . . . . 133 8.1.5.Choosingananswer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 8.2.Technicalaspectsofdialoguemanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8.2.1.Dialoguemanagementandcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 8.2.2.Dialoguehistorymodeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 8.2.3.Dialoguemanagementandmultimodalitymanagement. . . 143 8.2.4.Canadialoguesystemlie? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8.3.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chapter9.MultimodalOutputManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 9.1.Outputmanagementmethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 9.1.1.Generalprinciplesofoutputmultimodality . . . . . . . . . 151 9.1.2.Humanfactorsformultimediapresentation . . . . . . . . . 153 9.2.Multimediapresentationpragmatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 9.2.1.Illocutionaryforcesandvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 9.2.2.Perlocutionaryforcesandvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 9.3.Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 9.3.1.Allocationoftheinformationover communicationchannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 9.3.2.Redundancymanagementandmultimodalfission . . . . . . 161 9.3.3.Generationofreferringexpressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 9.3.4.Valorizingpartoftheinformationandtext tospeechsynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.4.Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Chapter10.MultimodalDialogueSystemAssessment . . . . . . . . 167 10.1.Dialoguesystemassessmentfeasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 10.1.1.Afewassessmentexperiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 10.1.2.Man–machineinterfacemethodologies . . . . . . . . . . . 172 10.1.3.Oraldialoguemethodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 TableofContents ix 10.1.4.Multimodaldialoguemethodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 10.2.Multimodalsystemassessmentchallenges . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 10.2.1.Globalassessmentorsegmentedassessment? . . . . . . . 176 10.2.2.Shouldamultimodalcorpusbemanaged? . . . . . . . . . 178 10.2.3.Canwecompareseveralmultimodalsystems? . . . . . . . 179 10.3.Methodologicalelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 10.3.1.Userexpertiseandsystemcomplexity . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 10.3.2.Questionnairesforusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 10.3.3.ExtendingDQRandDCRtomultimodaldialogue . . . . . 185 10.3.4.Towardsotherassessmentmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 10.4.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

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