Man and Society in the European North-west of Russia

153 Pages·01.154 MB·Russian

by  coll.

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
МУРМАНСКИЙ АРКТИЧЕСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

MAN AND SOCIETY IN THE EUROPEAN

NORTH-WEST OF RUSSIA:

EXPERIENCE AND PERSPECTIVES

OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Сборник научных статей

МУРМАНСК
2016
1
УДК 316.4(08)
ББК 60.52.я43
М97

Печатается по решению Совета по научно-исследовательской работе и
редакционно-издательской деятельности Мурманского арктического государст-
венного университета

Рекомендовано к печати кафедрой философии и социальных наук МАГУ
(протокол № 7 от 22 марта 2016 г.)

Научный редактор: Г.В. Жигунова, доктор социальных наук, доцент, профес-
сор кафедры философии и социальных наук МАГУ

Рецензенты: В.Н. Васильева, доктор социальных наук, профессор,
профессор кафедры международных отношений и комму-
никации МГТУ;
А.И. Виноградов, доктор философских наук, доцент,
профессор кафедры философии и социальных наук МАГУ

Коллектив авторов

М97 Man and Society in the European North-west of Russia : Experience and
Perspectives of Sociological Research : сборник научных статей / науч. ред.
Г. В. Жигунова ; перевод Д. Л. Ерайена, Е. В. Александровой, Е. В. Тами-

стовой, Ю. О. Шестовой, М. М. Бородиной. – Мурманск : МАГУ, 2016. –

149 с.

В сборнике научных статей представлены материалы, посвященные опыту
и перспективам социологического исследования социального пространства Ев-
ропейского Севера. Издание адресовано преподавателям, студентам, аспирантам,
а также всем интересующимся социальными проблемами Европейского Севера.

Печатается в авторской редакции.

ISBN 978-5-4222-0277-5 Коллектив авторов, 2016
ФГБОУ ВО «Мурманский арктический
государственный университет», 2016
2
CONTENT

FOREWORD…………….…………………………………………………………………….………… 5

1. SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF SOCIAL POTENTIAL
AND RESOURCES OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION……………..……… 6

1.1. Young people as the main strategic resource of the northern territories
(Kuzmina I.G.)…………………………………………………………………………….…………6

1.2. Resource potential of modern Russian youth
(Voronova A.V.)…..………………………………………………………………………….……… 11

1.3. Innovative potential of the youth within a particular region:
defining a problem
(Sharova E.N.)…………………………………………………………….……………………...… 16

1.4. Resource potential of the younger generation with disabilities:
methods and assessment
(Zhigunova G.V.)………………………………………………………………………….…………2 1

1.5. The problem of actualisation of healthy way of life of Russian youth
(Tereshkina V.N.)………………….………………………………………………………….…… 29

1.6. The role of social media in the life of young people in Murmansk
(Varak K.A.)…………….…………………………………………………………………….………3 4

2. SOCIAL SITUATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE WITHIN
THE POPULATION OF THE NORTHERN REGIONS…………………………4 0

2.1. Problems associated with developing voluntary medical cover as one
of the strategic goals designed to increase the quality of life for people within
the northern region population (as exemplified by the Arkhangelsk region)
(Belyaeva R.I.)………………………………………………………………………..……….……. 40

2.2. Parents’ assessment of amenity provision for their children when moving
from the European North-west of Russia to Northern Norway
(Tevlina V.V.)……………………………………………………………………………………….. 44

2.3. Drug dependency prevention among young people with the help
of outdoor anti-drug publicity (by way of content-analysis of advertising
hoardings in Murmansk)
(Shovina E.N.)……………………………………………………………………………………… 52

2.4. Means of creating Social Services publicity
(as exemplified by the Murmansk region)
(Petoshina S.I.) .…………………… .…………………… .……………………………..…………6 2

2.5. The dog as a source for conflict in the system of social relations
(Bobyleva N.I.)……………………………………………….………………………………..….... 72

2.6. Available working hours and their organisation in a student group
(Beloborodko N.V.)…………………… ……………..…………………………………………… 77

2.7. Use of On-Line Survey in Sociological research
(Tsylev V.R.).……………………………………………………………………………..……..……8 1
3
3. SOCIAL, SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ETHNO-SOCIAL PROCESSES
IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH-WEST OF RUSSIA………………………….…… 89

3.1. Religious situation in the Murmansk region:
theoretical and methodological aspects and main direction of study
(Grashevskaya O.V.)……………………………………………………………………………….8 9

3.2. Ecological factor in realising international functions of the Russian state
in the Arctic
(Savelyev M.Y.)…………….……………………………………………………….……………… 96

3.3. A framework of linguistic data as a source of studying the culture and
consciousness of a nation (as exemplified by the Saami language)
(Ivanishcheva O.N.)…………………………………………...……………………………..…… 100

3.4. Image of the Kola North as reflected in the printed publicity
of the region
(Fedotova A.V.)..…………………………………………………………………………………… 106

3.5. Trends for developing the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region
as an institution for the regional civic society
(Ryabev V.V.)…………………………………………………………………………………….……1 10

3.6. Non-commercial organisations in the context of sociological knowledge
(Ignatyuk Z.I.).…………….…………………………………………………………………………1 14

3.7. The European North-west of Russia in the context of Axel Honneth’s
sociological theory of the modern society
(Shachin S.V.)…………………………………………………………………………..…………… 119

4. PROCESSES OF INTEGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION THE NORTHERN REGIONS…………………………..……..…1 28

4.1. Arctic Geo-Economics and the Research Challenges
of the Northern University
(Wråkberg U.)……………………………………………………………………..…………………1 28

4.2. Contemporary music school through the eyes of its community
(as a result of the international project “Music: Education with Inspiration”
within the cross-border cooperation programme)
(Milykova I.A.)..…………………………………………………………….……………………… 142

Information about the authors…………….……………………………………..…………………1 48

4
FOREWORD

The present collection contains materials regarding the experiences and
perspectives of a sociological study of the social space in the European North-
west of Russia.
This collection consists of four chapters, combining articles on various
social issues, relevant to the North-west European territories. In these papers the
problems of the resource potential of the young generation, quality of life, social
processes and international cooperation in the European North-west of Russia
have been studied on theoretical and empirical levels.
Within the chapter “Sociological dimension of social capacity and re-
sources of the younger generation” the youth is considered as a major strategic
resource and capital of the northern regions. The chapter describes the basic
components of the resource potential of young people, explores the role of the
younger generation in the context of the modernisation process. Theoretical and
methodological analysis is supported by empirical data of sociological surveys
conducted by the authors in specific regions of the North-west of Russia.
The chapter “Social status and quality of life of the population in the
northern regions” includes a wide range of issues under consideration related to
the activity, interaction of the northern regions at home, at work and at school.
The issues of civil society, environmental, religious and socio-cultural sit-
uation in the North-west are discussed in the chapter “Social, socio-cultural and
ethno-social processes in the European North-west of Russia”. The papers there-
in comprehend the role and importance of beliefs and religious values, both tra-
ditional and introduced from outside; discuss the problem of preservation of cul-
ture of small indigenous peoples; social institutions of civil society, which have
a significant influence on the development of the northern regions of our coun-
try.
The final chapter of the collection contains articles on integration and in-
ternational cooperation in the northern regions. These articles are based on the
results of sociological research and international cooperation in the fields of ed-
ucation, culture and economy, and create conditions for the development of so-
cial interaction and integration between nations.
This book is aimed at researchers, teachers, students and all those interest-
ed in social issues.

Doctor of Social Sciences,
Professor Murmansk Arctic State University
G.V. Zhigunova
5
1. SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF SOCIAL POTENTIAL
AND RESOURCES OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION

I.G. Kuzmina

1.1. Young people as the main strategic resource
of the northern territories

In the short-term Russia is to implement highly important projects in the
undeveloped or poorly developed areas of the West and East Siberia, the North
and the Far East. In the recently depressed Nenets Autonomous District hydro-
carbon production is rapidly growing, and the next step is the development of
natural resources on the continental shelf of the Arctic seas.
These and other Arctic territory development objectives were stated in the
Basic Principles of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region
for the period up to 2020.
The fulfillment of those objectives is inextricably connected with the ne-
cessity to build an innovative economy and social sphere in the Northern and
Arctic regions.
Russian history has repeatedly proved that it is only possible to accom-
plish such tasks if labour potential of the most active and creative part of our
population (young people) is used efficiently.
It is no secret that 20 to 30 years ago young people wanted to work in the
newly-developed Northern regions mostly because they wanted to be a part of
something big. Patriotism and romance also played a special role in their aspira-
tions. Career development, economic incentives and desire to secure the future
were important too.
The current situation is completely different. The main criteria that are
crucial for young people’s choice of place of permanent residence are an inter-
esting and well-paid job, good living conditions, career opportunities, a chance
to continue education, a sufficient number of available educational, healthcare,
cultural and sports facilities.
The results of public opinion polls among young people show that the
main motives for moving to the Northern and Arctic regions for permanent resi-
dence and work are the high wages, the possibility of obtaining housing and a
well-developed social circle.
Certainly these are absolutely normal desires and aspirations for today’s
young people. At the same time it is obvious that these desires cannot be ful-
filled now in a large part of the Northern and Arctic regions.
For this reason, every year the outflow of young people grows and
the proportion of elderly people in the population of the North increases. Nowa-
days, the most qualified and active people continue to leave the North-west and
6
the economic and social attractiveness of working and living in this area for
young people from other regions of the country is disappearing. There is a lot
of tension around the problems of young people among the small-numbers of
people within North-western conurbations and young people from rural settle-
ments.
As a result, an urgent need to make the youth feel that the state and socie-
ty need them has appeared.
Development and reinforcement of effective youth policy is the goal of
any modern state, which thinks about its future. A strategic resource for the de-
velopment of Russia is 38 million young people between 14 and 30, or one-third
of its population. Experts predict that in 10 years time the number of young peo-
ple could be reduced by 11 million people. And even if they are all energetic and
talented, the pressure will increase significantly. If that situation occurs, provi-
sion of competitiveness and national security will be threatened.
The youth has become the main labour force of the country. Its work ac-
tivity is the main source of social welfare for children, people with disabilities
and elderly people. It is estimated that the dependency ratio (ratio of the inca-
pacitated population per 1,000 employable population) will increase by 20% in
2016 compared to 2005, and will become 709 people according to Russian Fed-
eral State Statistics Service predictions1.
Human capital is an important factor of reproduction of the national
wealth and an essential element in the information society. The quality of human
resources is crucial for the achievement of competitive advantages of econo-
mies. By studying 192 countries, the World Bank came to the conclusion that
64% of economic growth is due to human and social capital.
The youth is a special carrier of human capital, it is the most mobile and
flexible social group. It is also the most vulnerable social group that requires
well-planned and systematic state support.
The human capital of young people will be the force that will be able to
bring Russia to the forefront of world civilisation.
Human skills became the main force of economic development amid the
scientific and technological progress of intellectualisation of the economy of
knowledge. Introduction of the category “human capital” into scientific use to
refer to the social form of functioning of the human abilities reflects the actual
processes taking place in the economy. Employees’ general level of education
and their professional training is estimated as one of the most important factors
and resources of economic growth. Human capital is formed by investment in
people, in education and vocational training, in healthcare, in the birth and up-
bringing of children. It also includes cultural and moral potential, entrepreneur-
ism and other abilities of the individual.

1 Abdrahmanov M.Sh. Formirovanie trudovogo potenciala molodjozhi severnogo regiona. –
Salehard: Krasnyj Sever, 2011.
7
It is necessary to start with investments at family level. A significant num-
ber of Russian families cannot manage to attain it. This is reflected in growth of
infant morbidity and mortality, a reduction of education attainment levels of
children, an increase in the number of children who commit unlawful acts and
play truant from schools. To overcome this negative tendency the family and its
interests must become the main focus of social, economic and educational state
policies. Underinvestment in the national income is formed mainly through fe-
male lineage, when women leave work in favour of family interests. The higher
a woman’s skill level is, the more noticeable the losses are. It is accompanied by
a decrease in the demand for highly-educated female human capital and by
growth of classical, hidden and structural unemployment. Today it is necessary
to develop and implement a package of systemic social and economic measures
aimed at providing efficient support to young families with children1.
Today’s children and young people will become a core sector of Russia’s
population, the basis of successes or failures of the country in the XXI century.
The younger generation is a strategic resource of the state, and at the same time
it is an object and a subject of its social and economic policy. Young people
make up about 35% of the employable population of Russia and appear to be the
most promising part of human capital, the main reproductive resource of the
country.
Particular attention should be paid to the availability of secondary educa-
tion. According to expert estimates, up to 2 million children of different age
groups do not attend school; 690 thousand children cannot have standard educa-
tion due to illnesses; 10% of schoolchildren are not able to fully master the cur-
riculum.
The progressive development of society or its degradation depends on the
quality of this socio-demographic group.
Therefore, it is necessary to invest in and to form all the important charac-
teristics of human capital (health, professional skills, cultural and moral poten-
tial, entrepreneurial and other skills) to maximise the effective output of young
people when they enter the labour market. Young people have maximum time
for the development and implementation of all skills by relying on their strong
physical, mental and spiritual health, which makes it possible to use human capi-
tal for the longest period of time.
Young people are very receptive to different formative and educational in-
fluences, and are very mobile in changing their social status. The youth have
special social functions in the state and society, the most important ones are: in-
heritance of the achieved level and provision of society and state development
pathways, formation of the image of the future and implementation of social re-
production functions; providing innovative potential of the economy develop-

1 Akulinina A.M. Molodjozh’ kak jelement chelovecheskogo kapitala i strategicheskij resurs
razvitija sovremennogo rossijskogo obshhestva: sostojanie, tendencii, perspektivy //
Regional’naja jekonomika. – 2008. – № 8.
8
ment and its high-tech industries, education, science and culture. The younger
generation is the most promising part of human resources of the society.
At the beginning of life’s journey the majority of the younger generation
run the risk of not being able to obtain a decent education, can experience diffi-
culties with finding a job and creating a family. The system of higher and sec-
ondary education does not guarantee you the desired job you studied for. Ac-
cording to the opinion survey, 33% of Russians have never worked in their spe-
ciality.
Meanwhile, the demand for higher education increases, because today it is
a key adaptation resource.
The youth plays a special role in the labour market.
The market transformation of the economy led to a change in the position
of the individual in the sector of employment. Personality has become a subject
of market relations, performs an independent professional and economic choice
and is responsible for its consequences in the form of: wages, working condi-
tions, opportunities to develop skills and careers. A significant part of the youth
today does not receive enough knowledge about today’s labour market. Most
young people are not ready to compete in the labour market. The idealistic no-
tions of the future profession, labour and professional career are prevalent
among them. Confrontations with the realities of work lead to a re-orientation,
or to a degradation of labour values. Unemployment often leads to the disap-
pearance of the view of work as a means of personal self-fulfillment.
Structural unemployment hangs over young people whose profession has
no demand in the labour market. In order to avoid its growth among graduates, it
is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the labour market at any given mo-
ment and the prospects for its development, respectively, while adjusting the
curriculum in an educational institution.
The results of the scientific research confirm the existence of emotional,
social, financial, family, health and political effects of unemployment. The emo-
tional consequences are low self-esteem, and depression. The medical ones are
health disorders. Children from families with unemployed parents have behav-
ioural problems and insomnia more often. It was also discovered that there is a
connection between unemployment and murder, rape and imprisonment. Up to
70% of prisoners were unemployed at the time of their arrest1. Given the urgen-
cy of these issues, especially among young people, today the issue of creating a
reliable system of career guidance and youth employment promotion becomes a
problem at national level.
An effective system promoting employment opportunities for young peo-
ple includes: support for businesses and organisations that create new jobs for
young people, the formation of additional permanent jobs, creating opportunities

1 Sokolova G.N. Social’nye izderzhki bezraboticy i puti ejo snizhenija // Sociologicheskie
issledovanija. – 1995. – № 9.
9
for the organisation with secondary employment of young people and providing
infrastructure for youth employment institutions and enterprises where teenagers
can receive certain vocational training and teamwork skills while working1.
For example, the website of the Committee for Cooperation with NGOs
and youth affairs within the Murmansk region (www.4erdak.ru) has become a
topical solution to such problems. On this site one can find articles on all the
projects related to youth policy in the Murmansk region, information about ex-
hibitions, concerts, seminars, conferences etc. The Committee implements dif-
ferent programmes (some as part of international projects) to support young
families and prevent social diseases.
Currently cooperation with foreign organisations is developing actively.
For example, joint cultural and social projects were created and different events
were organised with the purpose of modernising individual Saami communities.
“Kolarctic ENPI CBC Cross-border cooperation” is a project which is de-
signed to achieve international cooperation between vocational schools and col-
leges in areas of priority (construction, plumbing, cargo carriage, wood pro-
cessing) (Murmansk Engineering College N.E. Momot).

References

1. Abdrahmanov, M.Sh. Formirovanie trudovogo potenciala molodjozhi severnogo
regiona [Tekst] / M.Sh. Abdrahmanov. – Salehard: Krasnyj Sever, 2011.
2. Akulinina, A.M. Molodjozh’ kak jelement chelovecheskogo kapitala i
strategicheskij resurs razvitija sovremennogo rossijskogo obshhestva: sostojanie,
tendencii, perspektivy [Tekst] / A.M. Akulinina // Regional’naja jekonomika. –
2008. –
№ 8.
3. Bystrov, A.N. Psihologija regional’nogo podrostka [Tekst] / A.N. Bystrov //
Materialy mezhkafedral’noj nauchnoj konferencii “Nauchno-issledovatel’skaja i
obrazovatel’naja dejatel’nost’: mezhdisciplinarnyj podhod”. – Kotlas, 2009.
4. Kalibekov, D. Sovremennye problemy molodjozhi [Tekst] / D. Kalibekov // Voprosy
jekonomiki. – 2000. – № 8.
5. Sokolova, G.N. Social’nye izderzhki bezraboticy i puti ejo snizhenija [Tekst] /
G.N. Sokolova // Sociologicheskie issledovanija. – 1995. – № 9.

1 Kalibekov D. Sovremennye problemy molodjozhi // Voprosy jekonomiki. – 2000. – № 8.
10