Mammals of New South Wales: past, present and future

8 Pages·1994·0.7 MB·English

by  C. R. Dickman

Mammals of New South Wales: past, present and future
C. R. Dickrnan
School of Biological Sciences A08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006
This paper is the text of an inviled address to the 1993 Annual General Meeting of
The Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales
ABSTRACT
A total of 131 nionn -marine soecies of native mammals. includino the Dinao Canis familiaris dinao.
h~ a..s. b.e.e nre.&.o.r d.e.d- Ns- w S-o--u th Wa~ le~s~ s- inc~e~ the~ e-~a~rl v, d~avs o-- f ~-~u,r 6o~eans eitlement in 1788. we&bf
n ne ot these species are now extinct n the State; 21 species remiin enant beyono the borders
New So~thW ales whi e elgnt specfes are entirely enlnn. Mosl losses (21 species) warred oefore
1900 partic~larlyin the ar d wenem regmn of !he Stale. Overa I. State-level enlnnlons represem 39.3
per cent of native rodents (1 1 of 28 species), 27.0 per cent of marsupials (17 of 63 species) and 2.7
per cent of bats (one of 37 species). Forty-eight extant species of native mammals are mnsidered to
be presently endangered, including 20 specks of marsupials, nine rodents and 19 bats; the disbibubbns
of most encomDass eastern New South Wales. Three scenarios are oresenled for the State's native
mammals for he vear 2038. ranaina from ootimistic 116 soecies ak added to the Dresent list bv
olsmvenes and tkonomc rev~sGnrt hro~~mr;a nla.nan& of the status quo to pesslrmsbc (4i)
presently endangereo species disappear) Whcn scenano 1s reallzw ml depem on whemer appmpnate
programmes ol research and management are Implemented now
INTRODUCTION Against this dismal background, the present
paper has three objectives: to (1) review the
In his presidential address to the Royal
current status of mammals in New South
Zoological Society of New South Wales in 1932,
Wales, and quantify changes in status that
Ellis Troughton presented compelling evidence
have occurred since 1788; (2) identify which
of mammalian declines and extinctions
groups of native mammals and which regions
throughout much of southeastern Australia.
of the State have experienced most changes;
He saw little hope that New South Wales
and (3) predict further change in the status of
might provide a sanctuary against further
mammals into the twenty-first century.
losses, but argued strongly for a sustained
programme of survey and research as a first
step in faunal conservation. Troughton's METHODS
concerns echoed the earlier writings of John
Gould (1863), Gerard Krefft (1866) and The information required for this study
Frederic Wood Jones (1923-1925) that took consists of locality records and dates of
the view that several species of native collection of mammals from 1788 to the
mammals were at risk and were vanishing present. Methods of collecting have been
under the onslaught of new European uses of described in detail by Dickman et al. (1993)
the land. More recently, surveys of mammals and Ellis and Etheridge (1993), and include
throughout New South Wales have revealed accessing records from museums, published
losses of species in all regions (e.g., Marlow and unpublished literature, questionnaire
1958; Lunney and Leary 1988; Goldney surveys, faunal surveys, Aboriginal sources,
and Bowie 1990; Dick and Andrew 1993), and identification of remains in owl pellets
particularly in the Western Division (Dickrnan and Fox Vulpes vulpes, Cat Felis catus and
el al. 1993; Dickrnan 1994). Listings of species Dingo Canis familiaris dingo scats. In the
of conservation concern under Schedule 12 course of compiling this information, care was
of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, as taken to confirm the specific identities of
amended by the Endangered Faum (Interim old specimens and other early records.
Protection) Act 1991, confirm that mammals The classification scheme follows Walton
have fared more poorly than other vertebrate (1988). Mammalian records have been
groups in New South Wales since European entered into the Atlas of New South Wales
settlement in 1788, with over half of the Wildlife (Ellis and Etheridge 1993), and this
original species having dedined or disappeared has provided a valuable database for the
(Lunney et al. 1994). present study.
158 Aushtian Zoologist, Yo/. 29(3-4) December 1994
RESULTS Quoll Dasyum uiuminus, and Silky Mouse
Pseudomys apodemoides, have not been reliably
17 88-1 993
recorded in New South Wales for at least 30
A total of 129 non-marine species of native years and hence may represent further State
mammals has been recorded in New South extinctions (Table 1). There is considerable
Wales since 1788. This rises to 130 if the doubt about the specific identity of the single
Dingo is included, and 131 with inclusion of specimen of P. apodemoides. If it is referable to
the Long-eared Bat Nyclophilus howensis, which the Blue-grey Mouse P. glaucus (see Dickman
is endemic to Lord Howe Island of the State 1993; Dickman et al. 1993 for discussion), loss
of New South Wales. Including N. howensir, of this species would represent both a State
27 of these species have not been recorded in and national extinction as the only two previous
the last 50 years in New South Wales (Table 1) records of P. ghucus are from southern
and can be considered extinct within the State Queensland in 1892 (Troughton 1957). Over-
(Lunney el al. 1994). Eight species are entirely all, State-level extinctions represent 2.7 per
extinct; 19 are still extant but occupy reduced cent of bats (one of 37 species), 39.3 per cent
ranges beyond the borders of New South of rodents (11 of 28 species) and 27.0 per cent
Wales. A further two species, the Eastern of marsupials (17 of 63 species); both species
Table I. Native mammals that have become extinct in New South Wales since 1788, with dare and
remon of last records.
Date of last Region oflast
record' recordZ
Marsupialia:
Mulgara NW
Western Quoll SW
Eartern Quoll Coast
Red-tailed Phascogale SW
Numbal w
Pig-footed Bandicoot SW
Golden Bandicoot SW
Western Barred Bandicoot SC
Bilby SC
Northern Haiv-nored Wombat SC
Tasmanian ~ettong Coast
Burrowing Bettong C
Brush-tailed Bettong Coast
Northern Bettong NC
Eastern Hare-wallaby NC
Bridled Nailtail Wallaby C
Crescent Nailtail Wallaby SW
Rodentia:
White-footed Rabbit-rat Conilum olbipe~
Lesser Stick-nest Rat L+O~~IaUp icalir
Greater Stick-nest Rat Leporillus conditor
Fawn Hopping-mouse Notomys reruinus'
Dusky Hopping-mouse N01mn~/5u scuss
Long-railed Hopping-mouse Notomyr longicaudotus
Mitchell's Hopping-mouse Notomys olirchellii
Silky Mouse Pseudomys apodRnoider
Plains Rat Preudornvr auclralir
Desert Mouse
Gould's Mouse
Chiroptera:
Lord Howe Long-eared Bat LHI
'Sources are: Marlow (1958), Caughley (1980), Hermes (1980). Ashby d al. 1990, Ellis (1992, 1993,
in press). Dickman (1993). Dickman rt al. (1993). ZSources as in 'Codes represent geographical
regions within New South Wales: Coast = coastal strip, LHI = Lord Howe Island. NW = North-west,
NC = Nonh-central , SW = south-west, SC = southcentral, W = western. C = central. SDisappear-
ance of these species can be dated only approximately from sub-fossil material (Ellis 1992, in press).
This species is included here as exlinct in New South Wales as no specimens hare been obtained
since 1845. Circumstantial evidence for its continued exirrence in the State is given by Dickman
(1993). The Large-footed Mouse-eared Bat Myotis australis (Dobson 1878) is not listed due to
uncertainty abour its identity. The dare of extinction of Nycrophilu h o w & is unclear: it is known
only from a skull of unknown age collected in 1972 (McKean 1975).
December 1994 Australian Zoologist, Val. 29(34) 159
Tub& 2. k'xravll IIJItiC mamnrnl\ Iwed as 'thlratmcd" hnal '') ~ul!~(.ral,lac nd rdrr'' in NL.S~~ l_c\lV>a les
un Srhcdolc 12 of the Endanped Faurw llnlnan, I'n.te~tu.r,A, ll 1941
State
Sratus' distributionz
Maraupialia:
Kultarr Ankchinmnys lanign T C,W
Tiger Quoll Dqwmaculnhrr VR E
Southern Ningaui Ningaui yvonncae VR C,W
Brush-tailed Phascogale Pharcogale lnpoolija VR E
Common Planigale PIanigalc m~llolo VR NE
White-footed Dunnarc SmkLhpir lnrcop" VR SE
Striped-faced Dunnart Sminthoprir -our0 VR NW
Southern Brown Bandicoot Isoodm obemlur T SE
Rufous Bettong Aepypymnur Nfescm VR NE
Long-footed Potoroo Potmour longipcr T SE
Long-nosed Pororoo Potmrms lrdocrylur VR E
Black-striped Wallaby Mocropur dot& T NE
Parma Wallaby MacropUr porn VR NE
Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Pehognle pmidata VR E
Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby Petrognle xnnlhopur T NW
Red-legged Pademelon Thylqgalc ~ t i ~ ~ c a VR NE
Mountain Pigmy-possum Bumamys @MU VR SE
Yellow-bellied Glider Pelaurur aust~ali7 VR E
Squirrel Glider Pelnururnorfokmrir VR E
Koala Phnrcoh~ctarc inereus VR All
Rodenria:
Forrest's Mouse Leggadin0f owrrli VR NW
Broad-toothed Rat MartaomyJurcur VR SE
Bolam's Mouse Preudomys bolami T SW
Smoky Mouse Pscudomysjumpv~ 7 SE
Eastern Chestnut Mouse Pseudmny~gracilicnudntur VR NE
Sandy Inland Mouse Pseudomys hennan~~(bu~ge~~iT VR NW
Hastings River Mouse Psmdomys orah T NE
Pilliga Mouse Pseudmyf pilligmir VR NE
Long-haired Rat Rathu nillarirrimur VR NW
Chiroptera:
Queensland Tube-nosed Bat Nyctimine rohimoni VR NE
Black Flying-fox Pkropw alccto VR NE
Queensland Blossom Bat SycmyctRLc ourhalis VR NE
Large Pied Bat ~hnl&~lobdwqe n VR NE
Hoav Bat Chalinolobur nigro@eur VR NE
Little Pied Bat Chlinoloburpicohu VR C,W
Baverstock's Bat EpterLw huersfocki VR C.W
Troughton's Bat Epteht mughtrmi VR NE
Great Pipistrelle Falristrellvc larmonimrir VR E
Golden-tipped Bat Kniuoulo papumk VR E
Little Bent-wing Bat Miniopm aurlralir VR NE
Common Bent-wing Bat Miniopm schreibmsii VR E
Large-footed Mouse-eared Bat Myolir adverrur VR E
Northern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilru b$m VR NE
Greater Long-eared Bat Nyctophilur timmiewir VR C,W
Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanar rueppellii VR E
Becan's Mastiff-bat Mmoptmrr becconi VR NE
Easrern Little Mastiff-bat Mmmoptrmr norfolkensis VR NE
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Soccolaimvcjbvlventnr VR All
'T = Threatened, VR = vulnerable and rare; as defined under the Natirmal Porh and WiIdlfe Ad
1974 an amended by the Endangered Fauna (Interim Prokction) Act 1991 and documented in Lunney
d 01. (1994). In addition to the extant species listed here, all extinct species given in Table 1 are also
listed formally as threatened on Schedule 12. zDisuihutions follow Parnaby (1992). Dickman (1993)
and Ellis and Etheridge (1993). Codes represent geographical regions within New South Wales:
C = central. E =eastern, W= western, NE = northeastern, SE = southeastern, NW = northwestern,
SW = southwestern, All = state wide.
160 Australian Zwlogist, Vo1. 29(34)
of monotremes that were originally present, this would increase to 49 if the Dingo was
and the Dingo, are still extant. considered to be a native mammal. The listings
represent 43.5 per cent of the extant marsupials
The records indicate that most of the species
of the State (20 of 46 species), 52.9 per cent
now extinct in the State had disappeared by
of the rodents (9 of 17 species), and 52.8 per
the turn of the present century, with only two
cent of the bats (19 of 36 species); neither
persisting beyond 1950 (Table 1). The pattern
species of monotreme is considered endangered
of early disappearance is particularly evident
(Fig. 1). In contrast to the patterns of extinction,
among rodents. For many of these species it
most presently-endangered species (n = 37,
is possible that final losses occurred after the
77.1%) have at least part of their State
last records shown in Table 1 because of the
distribution in eastern New South Wales.
sporadic and often cursory nature of biological
Eleven species occur along the length of the
collecting in most regions. In accord with
coast or inland to the Great Dividing Range,
previous studies (Marlow 1958; Dickman
18 species have State distributional strong-
1994), regional losses have been greater in
holds in the north-east, while a further six
western New South Wales than in either coastal
species are concentrated in the south-east
or central regions (Table 1). The processes
(Table 2). Five of eight threatened species also
creating the patterns of species losses have
have predominantly eastern distributions.
been much discussed (e.g., Allen 1983;
hlansergh 1983; Dickman et al. 1993; Lunney In combination, 37 species of mammals can
et al. 1994). The losses have been caused by he considered to be threatened in New South
changes in land use, especially pastoralism, Wales, with 29 of these being extinct within
predation from feral carnivores, competition the State. A further 40 can be considered
from feral herbivores such as rabbits and vulnerable and rare. This represents 59 per
goats, altered fire regimes and direct human cent of the State's original mammalian fauna.
persecution, with particular combinations of
these factors predominating in different
regions.
In addition to the outright extinctions of NON-ENDANGERED
mammals from New South Wales, it is evident
ENDANGERED
that many extant species have changed in
population size or distribution since 1788. EXTINCT
A few species have apparently fared well.
For example, larger kangaroos such as the
Red Kangaroo Macropus mJui, Eastern Grey
Kangaroo M. giganteus, Western Grey Kangaroo
IM.fu lipnosus and Wallaroo M, robustus have
probably increased in pastoral areas due to
pasture improvement and provision of water-
ing points for stock (Frith and Calaby 1969;
see also Barker and Caughley 1992, 1994).
However, most other species have declined,
or have relatively small distributions in New
South Wales, and can be considered at risk
within the State. A convenient summary of
these species is provided on Schedule 12 of
the National Parks and Wildlfe Act 1974, as
amended by the Endangered Fauna (Inlerim
Protection) Ad 1991 (Table 2). Under the
definitions of the Act, the term "threatened
refers to species that are considered to be most
seriously at risk of future extinction (or are
actually extinct), whereas "vulnerable and
rare" refers to species that are at some risk
due to reduced population size or distributional Figure I. Numbers of species of native mammals in New
range or are under threat from severe adverse South Wales classified in 1993 as extinct, endangered and
nun-endangered "Extincr" refers to species that have not
factors throughout the range (Lunney et al.
beerr seer, alive in rhe Stare for 30 or "lore yean, "endang-erd
1994).
to species that are listed as threatened or vulnerable and
rare under Schedule 12 of the National Park ar~rl1 Vildlfe Ad
A total of 48 extant species are considered
1974, as amended by the Eruiongwm Fauna (/&im Protection)
endangered in New South Wales (Table 2); Act 1991. The Dingo Conir/amilinr& dingo is nol shown.
Australian Zoologist, Vol. 29(3-4) 161
Predicted Potential Distribution
Ningaui ridei
-
-
-_
aV
-
'-,. b LIL
L
1
Y
N .S.W .
--.
I
0 500km
I __1
- Marginal -
Figure 2. Predicted distribution of the Wongai Ningaui Ningauz ridez in Australia, showing potential
occurrence in New South Wales. Dots represent locality records obtained from listings of State and
Territory museums, shading represents distribution predicted using the programme BIOCLIM. Red
shading (marginal prediction) represents the maximum potential distribution predicted using all
climate records from known localities, green shading (core prediction) represents a reduced potential
distribution predicted from within the range of 10-90 per cent of the minimum and maximum
climate records.
162 Australian Zoologist, Vol. 29f3-4) December 1994
The Future beyond these. If the distributional limits of a
species are determined by climate, the mapped
The above overview paints a bleak picture
areas represent the predicted distribution
for native mammals of New South Wales since
(Busby 1991). An example of this approach is
1788. Can we expect that further losses of
given for N. ridei (Fig. 2). At present,
species will continue into the future, or are
predicted distributions have been modelled
there signs that the extinction cascade is finally
only for dasyurids; further species will probably
abating? Although making firm predictions
be predicted to occur within New South Wales
about the future can be fraught with danger,
when nod el ling is completed (CRD, unpub.;
I will take the year 2038 and consider three
M. Predavec, University of Sydney, pers.
divergent scenarios that reflect the most
comm. 1993).
optimistic to pessimistic possibilities for
changes of status of the State's remaining Finally, there is little doubt that several
mammals. The year 2038 was chosen because taxa currently considered to be single
it marks the end of the first quarter-milleniurn species will prove to be species complexes with
of European settlement in Australia. This further taxonomic study. These include
projection, of 43 years into the fi~~uries , the Greater Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus
meaningful in terms of presently-foreseeable timoriemls and Little Mastiff-bat Momoptem
events, and also within the time scale of 5-100 planiceps; further unnamed species occur
years that some conservation biologists advocate within Mormnoplews and Scotorepens (Parnaby
for defining extinction probabilities (Mace and 1992).
Lande 1991).
Redisco\~eryo f species thought to be extinct
In the most optimistic scenario, the native in New South Wales is considered unlikely,
mammals of New South Wales will increase but two species, D. uiuerrinzl~ and the Bilby
by 15.8 per cent from the present 101 species Macrotls lagotis, are frequently rumoured to
to 117 species in 2038 (Table 3). This sanguine still persist (Caughley 1980; Dickman et al.
assessment assumes that no further extinctions 1993).
will occur, that "new" species will be recorded
In combination, discoveries, rediscoveries
for the State and that "old" ones will be
and descriptions of new species could add sub-
rediscovered. New species most likely to be
stantially to the current list of the State's
recorded are those that occur near State mammals. If we were to be still more optimistic
borders (i.e., within 100 km), and which may and hope that some of the agents of past
be detected in New South M'ales when surveys extinctions, such as feral predators and
are carried out. These include three species herbivores, were effectively controlled by
along the southern border with Victoria? the 2038, the native mammal fauna of New South
Western Pygmy-possum Cercartetus concinnns,
Little Pygmy-possum C. 1epidu.s and Lead-
beater's Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri, and
three species along the State's northern and
western borders, the Agile Wallaby Macrof~u.~
agilis, Spinifex Hopping-mouse Notomys alexis
and False Water-rat Xerumys mnyoide.7. The
likelihood that the two species of Cercartetw
and N. alexls will turn up in New South Wales
is high due to the availability of suitable
habitats (Dickman et al. 19931, but low for the
other three species due to insular distributions
or habitat disjunction (Lindenmayer et nl.
1991; Van Dyck and Longmore 1991).
A further four species could be expected to
occur in New South Wales using the predictive
modelling system BIOCLIM (CRD, unpub.).
These are dasyurid marsupials, the Kowari
Dasyuroide.! byrnei, Wongai Ningaui Nzngaui
ridei, Hairy-footed Dunnart Sminthopsls hirtipes
and Ooldea Dunnart S. ooldea. BIOCLIM YEAR
works by estimating the climate prevailing at
F@re 3. Dates of last records of native species of mammals
localities where a species is known to occur,
in New Sourh Wales, in inrervalsof 25 years since European
and then mapping all areas of similar climate settlement. rV?doplrilus houlensir is nut included in ihe figure.
Australian Zoologisf, Vol. 29(3-4) 163
Wales could be elevated still further by conservation task, and the economic, legislative
re-introductions from other states. This and practical measures required for manage-
possibility is presently remote, but has been ment of the State's native mammals have been
discussed for several species of dasyurids and much canvassed (e.g., ANPWS 1989; Recher
native rodents (Dickman and Read 1992; 1990; Dickman 1993; Lunney et al. 1994).
Dickman 1993). However, effective research and management
is unlikely to be initiated unless the past,
A second scenario for the status of native
present and future alternatives for the fauna
mammals in 2038 is that of no change (Table 3).
are appreciated by both the public and
A plot of the dates of last records (G extinction)
politicians. Ellis Troughton's concerns for the
every 25 years since settlement indicates that
native mammals of New South Wales, voiced
the rate of extinction has slowed (Fig. 3), and
so cogently and eloquently in the first half of
provides grounds for hope that no further
the twentieth century, will remain no less
losses should occur before 2038. If taxonomic
urgent for the first half of the twenty-first
studies of mammals continue to receive little
century.
attention, if field survey work continues to
have low priority, and if rediscovery of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
"extinct" species does not occur, then the
present statzu quo will be maintained. I thank Dr Jean Joss for inviting me to
present a paper to the Royal Zoological Society
Table 3. Numbers of species of native mammals in New of New South Wales, and Dr Lyndall Dawson
South Wales in 2038 under three different scenarios.
for the invitation to prepare the text of the
Number of species talk for publication. I am indebted also to
(5% change from 1993) Ms Carol McKechnie for continued support
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 and for critical comment on the manuscript,
to Mr Dan Lunney and an anonymous
Monotremata 2 (0) 2 (0) 2 (0)
Manupialia 56 (+22) 46 (0) 26 (-43) reviewer for further improving the paper, and
Rodentia I9 (+l2) 17 (0) 8 (-53) to Ms Ursula Grott for assistance with running
Chirootera 40 (+11) 36 (0) 17 (-53) BIOCLIM.
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