Mammalian Reproduction

475 Pages·1970·10.901 MB·English

by  Heinz Gibian (auth.), Professor Dr. Heinz Gibian, Professor Dr. Ernst Jürgen Plotz (eds.)

21. Colloquium
der Gesellschaft fiir Biologische Chemie
9.-11. April 1970 in MosbachjBaden
Mammalian
Reproduction
Edited by H. Gibian and E. J. Plotz
With 255 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin' Heidelberg' New York 1970
Professor Dr. HEINZ GlBIAN, Pharmaforschung Schering AG, D-lOOO Berlin 65,
MiillerstraBe 170-172
Professor Dr. ERNST JURGEN PLOTZ, Universitatsfrauenklinik, D-5300
Bonn-Venusberg
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64995-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64993-6
001: 10_ 1007/978-3-642-64993-6
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Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1970
Briihlsche Universitatsdruckerei, GieBen
Preface
It is two years since a general meeting of the Gesellschaft fur
Biologische Chemie first requested us to organize the 21 st Mosbach
Colloquium on mammalian reproduction, and one year since we
received final authorization to do so.
The present volume contains the papers read at the Colloquium,
but the discussions have been omitted because writing and proof
reading them would have delayed the appearance of this volume
for an unjustifiable long time. Besides, in most cases the discussion
was of a relatively specific nature and we did not consider it
essential, bearing in mind that the purpose of the Mosbach Col
loquia is to provide advanced further education for the non
specialist. One of us has referred to this and to the topical structure
of the 21 st Colloquium in the introductory and final remarks.
Helpful suggestions for organizing the program were made by
some of the invited speakers, but the first important impulses
came from Dr. VON BERSWORDT-WALLRABE, Dr. ELGER, Dr.
GERHARDS, Dr. NEUMANN, and Dr. UFER to whom we here wish
express our thanks.
Thanks are also due to those whose donations, some of which
were very generous, made it financially possible to organize the
Colloquium.
July 1970 HEINZ GIBIAN
ERNST JURGEN PLOTZ
Contents
Introduction. H. GIBIAN (Berlin) 1
General Outline about Reproductive Physiology and its
Developmental Background. A. JOST (Paris) .. 4
The Significance of Hormones in Mammalian Sex Differentia
tion as Evidenced by Experiments with Synthetic Andro
gens and Antiandrogens. W. ELGER, F. NEUMANN, H.
STEINBECK, and J. D. HAHN (Berlin) . . . . . 33
Hypothalamic LH-Releasing Hormone: Chemistry, Physio
logy and Effect in Humans. A. V. SCHALLY, A. ARl
MURA, A. J. KASTIN, J. J. REEVES, C. Y. BOWERS,
Y. BABA, and W. F. WHITE (New Orleans). . . . . . . 45
On the Identity of the LH- and FSH-Releasing Hormones.
W. F. WHITE (North Chicago) .......... " 84
Comparative Aspects of Pituitary Regulatory Pattern of
Sexual Functions. H. KARG, and D. SCHAMS (Freising-
Weihenstephan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
Cybernetics of Mammalian Reproduction. N. B. SCHWARTZ
(Chicago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Biogenesis of Androgens. E. STEINBERGER (Philadelphia) 112
Biosynthesis, Secretion and Biological Action of the Female
Sex Hormones. M. B. LIPSETT (Bethesda) ....... 123
The Saga of Mammalian Sperm from Ejaculation to Syngamy.
J. M. BEDFORD (New York) ............. 124
A Contribution to the Biochemistry and Biology of Seminal
Plasma. G. RUHENSTROTH-BAUER (Munchen) . 183
Ovum Transport. H. KOESTER (GieBen) 189
VI Contents
Metabolism of the Ovum between Conception and Nidation.
R. L. BRINSTER (Philadelphia) . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Endometrial Secretion and Early Mammalian Development.
H. M. BEIER, G. PETRY, and W. KUHNEL (Marburg) .. 264
Immunology of Reproduction. H. KRIEG (Wiirzburg) 286
Genetic Aspects of Early Mammalian Development. R. G.
EDWARDS (Cambridge) . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Maintenance of Pregnancy under the Aspects of Uterus
Inhibiting Substances. H. JUNG (Aachen) . . . . . . . 324
The Role of the Conceptus in the Control and Maintenance of
Pregnancy. R. M. MOOR (Cambridge) . . . . 351
The Role of the Uterus in the Regulation of Ovarian
Periodicity. B. V. CALDWELL (Shrewsbury) ..... 356
Animal Models of Inb orn Errors of Steroidogenesis and
Steroid Action. A. S. GOLDMAN (Philadelphia) ..... 389
Hormonal Effects on Socio-Sexual Behavior in Dogs. F. A.
BEACH (Berkeley) 437
Summary. H. GIBIAN (Berlin) .............. 466
Introduction
HEINZ GIBIAN
Forschungsleitung Pharma, Schering AG., Berlin
Meine Damen und Herren!
Zunachst darf ich eine Anmerkung zur Konferenzsprache
machen. Wahrend wir auf den Mosbacher Kolloquien schon seit
langem V ortrage von englischsprachigen Gasten kennen, begannen
erst vor kurzem auch einige deutsche Vortragende sich des Eng
lischen hier zu bedienen (Abb. 1).
Mosbach Contributions from non- English
German-
speaking
institutes
1965 12 7 7
1966 26 7 7
1967 9 5 4
1968 22 13 17
1969 33 18 32
Fig. 1
Grund hierfur ist zweifellos keine MiBachtung der deutschen
Muttersprache, sondern der Wunsch, sich schon hier den Referenten
aus dem Ausland fur die gemeinsame Diskussion sicher verstand
lich zu machen und ferner fur die gedruckte Vortragsfassung spater
einen moglichst breiten Leserkreis zu haben. Wir hatten uberlegt,
ob wir diesmal von vornherein Englisch als Konferenzsprache vor
schreiben sollten; wir entschlossen uns dann jedoch, die Wahl frei
zustellen. Zogern Sie also bitte nicht, nach Belieben englisch oder
deutsch zu sprechen. DaB einer unserer Gaste aus den Vereinigten
21st Mosbach Colloquium
2 Heinz Gibian:
Staaten, Dr. LIPSETT, seinen Vortragstitel und zumindest das Kurz
referat auf deutsch eingereicht hat, mochte ich als dankenswerte
und liebenswurdige Geste gegenuber dem Gastland ausdrucklich
vermerken.
Sie gestatten nun sicher, daB ich aus Hoflichkeit gegenuber
unseren auslandischen Gasten auf englisch fortfahre.*
I have just asked for permission to continue in Englisch, the
Latin of the modern scientific world.
When a few years ago I was asked to prepare a Mosbach
Colloquium on "Fertility and Sterility", I intended to do so mostly
from a biochemical point of view regarding the name and intention
of the Gesellschaft fur Biologische Chemie. But very soon it turned
out that probably too much biochemical information would be
missing for a sufficiently broad treatment of the proposed items.
So Dr. PLOTZ, our colleagues, and myself decided to allow for
the inclusion of additional physiological and endocrinological view
points. At the same time we rounded the theme of the symposium
by changing its title to the present one of "Mammalian Reproduc
tion" .
This seemed to us permissible for three reasons:
1. The intention of these Mosbach Colloquia generally is not to
be workshop conferences with detailed technical information but
to give surveys on fascinating and topical fields of scientific progress
to an audience not necessarily specialized in this field, and as a
* Ladies and Gentlemen!
First of all I should like to make a few remarks regarding the language of
this conference. Whereas we have long been accustomed to hearing lectures
in English at the Mosbach Colloquia from English-speaking guests, it is only
recently that some German speakers have also begun to deliver their lectures
in English (Fig. 1). The reason for this is certainly not disrespect for the
German mother tongue but the desire to make their lectures clearly under
standable to the speakers from abroad for the joint discussion, and to have
for the printed form of their papers as large a reading public as possible. We
did consider making English the official conference language this time, but
then we decided to leave it to your option. Therefore, do not hesitate to
speak English and German, as you like.
One of our American guests, Dr. LIPSETT, submitted the title of his
lecture and at least the abstract in German, and I should not like to let this
commendable and kind gesture towards the host country go unmentioned.
I am sure that as a mark of courtesy towards our guests from abroad you
will allow me to continue in English.
Introduction 3
contribution to the now well-accepted necessity of lifelong learning
and education. That human reproduction is an item of very high
topicality, considering the threat of global overpopulation and in
view of changing attitudes to sexuality, scarcely needs to be
stressed.
2. In a scientific world of continuing specialization, with its
narrowing of personal horizons, biochemistry seems to be pre
destined to unite the neighbouring sciences by imparting to them
its most highly specialized techniques. It seems to me of importance
that at least in Europe most of the biochemists are recruited from
students of chemistry, biology, and medicine.
3. It could be hoped that the very lack of biochemical informa
tion available would be conspicuous, thus stimulating one or other
from the audience to become interested - and actively interested
in entering a field which is rather neglected in this country.
When you look at the program, I hope its rationale will imme
diately become apparent to you.
The introductory lecture should give the general physiological
background; from central to peripheral hormones, from sperm and
ovum to the fetus, including various regulatory mechanisms and
correlations, furthermore including immunological, genetic, and
metabolic aspects. Sexual behaviour and the effects of hormones
on it will close the circle and bring us back to the higher centers.
I am very hopeful that the sum of contributions of our distinguished
speakers will give you a fairly complete survey of mammalian
reproduction.
Before ending, I feel obliged to mention the name of DAVID
KIRBY, who should have been among our speakers. Immediately
after accepting our invitation to give a paper last July, he received
a disastrous injury as a passenger in a car accident in Seattle; it
was not before November that he died in Oxford at the age of
thirtyseven. He was already recognized as an outstanding research
worker, leader, and teacher, and his death is a serious loss to
experimental embryology.
Ladies and Gentlemen, may I ask you to stand up to honor the
deceased.
Thank you.
1*
General Outline about Reproductive Physiology
and its Developmental Background
ALFRED JOST
Laboratoire de Physiologie comparee, Faculte des Sciences, Paris 5 e, France
With 23 Figures
The organizers of this meeting invited me to present a brief and
general outline about reproductive physiology and its develop
mental background, so as to introduce the expert papers which will
be presented on selected aspects of the field. This responsability is
in the same time a honour and a risky task because reproduc
tive physiology implies an extraordinarily large number of phy
siological and developmental facets.
The aim of the reproductive function is the production of new
individuals and the perpetuation of the lineage. Among all physio
logical functions it is characterized by a unique feature, it demands
two different individuals of the same species, males and females, to
fulfill it. Two complementary but discrete anatomical and physio
logical systems must cooperate to ensure its success. Sex drive and
sex behaviour thus are indispensable components of reproductive
physiology.
If we provisionally overlook the question of how two different
kinds of individuals develop in the same species, and if we take a
broad look at reproductive physiology three series of mechanisms
emerge:
1) elaborate mechanisms permit the production of specialized
male and female reproductive or germ cells, spermatozoa and
ovocytes;
2) a series of mechanisms, including sex behaviour, permit one
male and one female germ cell to fuse into an egg cell at fertilization,
thus adding paternal and maternal genetical information;
3) the egg cell is then fostered during its development until a
young individual capable of independant life is produced.
General Outline about Reproductive Physiology 5
Before surveying these aspects, it seems fit to first insist again
on the necessity of two individuals in reproduction and to consider
the process of mating which is the first obvious act in reproduction.
Mating Behaviour
Mating necessitates an active participation of both sexes; it can
be analyzed in details and quantified in animals. Male rats, for
instance, recognize females and display a characteristic behaviour
which includes varying numbers of simple mounts, mounts with
intromission of the penis and finally intromission with ejaculation.
Fig. 1. The lordosis reflex in an oestrous female rat elicited by stroking gently
the back (A) or by mounting of a male rat (B). From E. J. FARRIS and J. Q.
GRIFFITH, JR. (eds.). In: The rat in laboratory investigation. J. B. Lippincott
Co., 2nd edition, 1949
The female mating posture or lordosis (Fig. I) is displayed when
the female is in oestrous and ready to accept mating. This postural
reflex can be elicited by fingering the back of the animal; the same
reflex is well known to owners of cats. In rats the mating behaviour