Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Volume III

574 Pages·1969·15.024 MB·English

by  H. N. Munro (Eds.)

CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME III
J. A. CAMPBELL THOMAS H. JUKES
CHARLES R. CANTOR J. M. McLAUGHLAN
A. FLECK S. A. MILLER
D. GARFINKEL H. N. MUNRO
F. HEINMETS J. C. WATERLOW
MAMMALIAN PROTEIN
METABOLISM
Edited by
H. N. MUNRO
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
VOLUME III
®
1969
ACADEMIC PRESS · New York and London
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List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
J. A. CAMPBELL, Food and Drug Directorate, Department of National
Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Canada (391)
CHARLES R. CANTOR, Columbia University, Department of Chemis­
try, New York, New York (21)
A. FLECK, Department of Biochemistry, The Royal Infirmary, Glasgow,
Scotland (423)
D. GARFINKEL, Johnson Research Foundation and Department of
Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (263)
F. HEINMETS, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Department of the
Army, Natick, Massachusetts (263)
THOMAS H. JUKES, Space Sciences Laboratory, University of Cali­
fornia, Berkeley, California (21)
J. M. McLAUGHLAN, Food and Drug Directorate, Department of
National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Canada (391)
S. A. MILLER, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massa­
chusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (183)
H. N. MUNRO, Physiological Chemistry Laboratories, Department of
Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts (3, 133, 237, 423)
J. C. WATERLOW, Medical Research Council, Tropical Metabolism
Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Jamaica, West Indies (325)
v
Preface
Five years have elapsed since the late Dr. James Allison and I wrote
the Preface to Volumes I and II of this treatise. During the intervening
period, there has been a steady accumulation of new observations in the
field of mammalian protein metabolism, and it now seems timely to use
some of this new knowledge to enlarge and add depth to the picture of
protein metabolism provided by the earlier volumes. Accordingly, two
additional volumes are being added to the treatise.
The first of these new volumes covers two aspects of protein me­
tabolism not specifically considered in the earlier parts of the treatise.
First, there is a section of three chapters dealing with changes in protein
metabolism during evolution and during growth and development. At its
most fundamental level, this part deals in reality with an aspect of
regulation of protein metabolism, since differences in metabolism
between species and changes occurring during growth are both outward
expressions of genetic control mechanisms that determine the form and
characteristics of an animal. The other section in this volume is a survey
of methods appropriate to the study of protein metabolism in mammals.
This part of the work should prove of special interest to investigators
who require a critical evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of
methods applicable to intact animals.
As in the case of the first two volumes, I have been fortunate in secur­
ing as authors of the specialist articles in each section authorities in the
field of protein metabolism. In conformity with the practice in the earlier
volumes, each part is preceded by an introductory chapter providing
a broad outline into which the succeeding chapters fit. It is hoped that
this will allow the nonspecialist reader, and particularly the student, to
orient himself before proceeding to the details of the specialist articles.
I am much indebted to friends and colleagues for helpful discussions
of material I have used in writing these introductions to parts, and
also for general advice about the assembly of the book. I am also in­
debted to Dr. S. T. Jacob for preparing the Subject Index.
February, 1969 H. N. MUNRO
vii
Preface to Volumes I and II
Shortly after World War II, an international meeting was convened
to consider nutritional deficiencies affecting populations in the post-war
world. The agenda did not include protein deficiency. Since then, a revo­
lution in outlook has taken place, so that in 1960 the Director of the
Nutrition Division of the Food and Agricultural Division of the United
Nations stated that, in the view of his organization, protein malnutrition
is without doubt the most compelling nutritional problem in the under­
developed countries today (M. Autret, 1961, in "Progress in Meeting
Protein Needs of Infants and Preschool Children," National Academy
of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington). In the more highly
developed countries interest in the role of dietary proteins in the pro­
motion of health has also quickened during the past few years.
The past decade has witnessed a revolution in a different aspect of
protein studies. In less than ten years, the study of protein biosynthesis
has progressed from a state of unproved and contradictory hypotheses to
become the seat of intense and fruitful activity. When the dust of battle
has settled, current work bids fair to resolving problems as varied as
the nature of the inheritance mechanism and the genesis of the malignant
cell.
These investigations into the importance of proteins in nutrition and
into the mechanism of protein formation have each produced an abun­
dant and specialized literature in which it is difficult for anyone other
than the specialist to evaluate recent advances. In consequence, a
barrier of noncommunication has arisen between experts in each field of
inquiry, although in reality they are but opposite sides of the same coin :
the doctor faced with a case of protein malnutrition is observing a
natural experiment in the inhibition of protein synthesis. Other areas of
protein metabolism present a similar rapid growth of knowledge.
Changes in protein metabolism are now known to be involved in the
action of many hormones. In the field of medicine, the physician ob­
serves an expanding series of errors in the metabolism of individual
amino acids, and thé surgeon continues to explore the significance and
the repair of the large dissipation of body protein resulting from injury.
It is thus difficult nowadays for the research worker in any one branch
of the subject to comprehend the advances which are taking place on
all fronts in protein metabolism. The objective of this treatise is to pro-
ix
X PREFACE TO VOLUMES I AND II
vide an up-to-date account of current thought in all areas of protein
metabolism which will meet the needs of specialists in nutrition, bio­
chemistry, clinical chemistry, medicine, and indeed in all aspects of
biology in which mammalian protein metabolism is studied. We are not
aware that this has been done in recent years.
The contents of the treatise are presented in three parts. After a short
historical account of early studies on protein metabolism, the first part
provides a picture of the biochemical mechanisms involved in protein
metabolism, the second part deals with the place of proteins in nutrition,
the third part gives an account of protein metabolism in diseased states.
Although written as a multi-author text, the book is designed to be read
in continuity by those who have only a general knowledge of the outlines
of protein metabolism, as presented in textbooks of general biochemistry.
In order to emphasize this continuity, each main part—biochemical,
nutritional, and pathological—is introduced by a short general survey
of the area covered. It is hoped that, in this way, the treatise will serve
as a source-book for the graduate student who requires an advanced
survey of the whole subject, and, at the same time, will interest the
specialist who needs an authoritative account of selected areas of protein
metabolism.
As editors, we should like to say how fortunate we have been in secur­
ing as authors many of the leading investigators in the field of protein
metabolism, and we are deeply conscious of the honor they do us in
participating in the writing of this book. We should also like to acknow­
ledge with gratitude the help and encouragement of many colleagues and
friends who have advised us during the assembly of this book. In par­
ticular, it is a pleasure to thank Professor D. McKie of the Department
of the History and Philosophy of Science at London University for the
advice on the historical introduction; Dr. L. Fowden of University
College, London, for information on the amino acids found in plants;
Dr. J. G. Black of Unilever for providing us with a survey of literature
on protein metabolism in the skin ; and Dr. G. Leaf of the University of
Glasgow for much general advice on protein metabolism. Dr. Renwick
of the Genetics Department at Glasgow University kindly gave advice
on some of the genetic points in abnormalities of protein biosynthesis
discussed in the introductory material to Part III, and Mr. Robin
Callander, Medical Artist at Glasgow University, provided a number of
excellent illustrations. We are much indebted to these and many other
friends for the help they have given us.
H. N. MUNRO
October, 1968 J. B. ALLISON
Contents of Other Volumes
Volume I
CHAPTER 1. Historical Introduc­ CHAPTER 6. Protein Biosynthe­
tion: The Origin and Growth of sis in Mammalian Tissues
Our Present Concepts of Protein Part I. The Mechanism of Pro­
Metabolism tein Synthesis
H. N. MUNRO A. KORNER
CHAPTER 7. Protein Biosynthe­
PART I. Biochemical Aspects sis in Mammalian Tissues
of Protein Metabolism Part II. Studies on Turnover in
the Whole Animal
A. NEUBERGER and
An Introduction to Biochemical F. F. RICHARDS
Aspects of Protein Metabolism
H. N. MUNRO
CHAPTER 8. Metabolism of
Plasma Proteins
CHAPTER 2. Protein Digestion A. S. McFARLANE
and Absorption in Nonruminants
CARLOS GITLER CHAPTER 9. Some Aspects of
Hormone and Protein Metabolic
Interrelationships
CHAPTER 3. The Digestion and JAMES H. LEATHEM
Absorption of Nitrogenous Com­
pounds in the Ruminant
CHAPTER 10. General Aspects of
A. T. PHILLIPSON
the Regulation of Protein Me­
tabolism by Diet and Hormones
H. N. MUNRO
CHAPTER 4. Free Amino Acids
and Peptides in Tissues
HALVOR N. CHRISTENSEN CHAPTER 11. Elimination of Ni­
trogen from the Body
JAMES B. ALLISON and
CHAPTER 5. The Metabolic Fate JOHN W. C. BIRD
of Amino Acids
H. A. KREBS AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
XV
XVI CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
Volume II
PART II. Nutritional Aspects PART III. Pathological As­
of Protein Metabolism pects of Protein Metabolism
A General Survey of Patholog­
An Introduction to Nutritional ical Changes in Protein Metabo­
Aspects of Protein Metabolism lism
H. N. MUNRO H. N. MUNRO
CHAPTER 18. Anomalies of
CHAPTER 12. The Nutritive
Amino Acid Metabolism
Value of Dietary Proteins
L. E. HOLT, JR., and
J. B. ALLISON
S. E. SNYDERMAN
CHAPTER 13. Amino Acid Toxi- CHAPTER 19. Physical Injury
and Its Effects on Protein Me­
cities and Imbalances
tabolism
A. E. HARPER
D. P. CUTHBERTSON
CHAPTER 14. Protein Require­ CHAPTER 20. Protein Metabo­
ments lism and Tumor Growth
D. M. HEGSTED G. A. J. GOODLAD
CHAPTER 21. Experimental Pro­
CHAPTER 15. Protein Metabo­ tein-Calorie Deficiency
lism and Requirements in Preg­ B. S. PLATT,
nancy and Lactation C. R. C. HEARD, and
K. L. BLAXTER R. J. C. STEWART
CHAPTER 22. Clinical Aspects of
CHAPTER 16. Protein Metabo­ Protein Malnutrition
lism and Requirements in the FERNANDO VITERI,
Newborn MOÏSES BÉHAR,
R. A. McCANCE and GUILLERMO ARROYAVE,
ELSIE W. WIDDOWSON and NEVIN S. SCRIMSHAW
CHAPTER 23. Protein Deficiency
CHAPTER 17. Protein Metabo­ and Infective Disease
lism and Requirements in the NEVIN S. SCRIMSHAW
Elderly
DONALD M. WATKIN AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES XV11
Volume IV
PART VI. Regulation Mecha­ CHAPTER 36. Diurnal Rhythms
nisms in Protein Metabolism in Mammalian Protein Metabo­
lism
A General Survey of Mechanisms R. J. WURTMAN
Regulating Protein Metabolism
in Mammals
H. N. MUNRO CHAPTER 37. The Role of the
Gastrointestinal Tract in the
Regulation of Protein Metabo­
CHAPTER 31. Hormonal Regula­
tion of Synthesis of Liver En­ lism
zymes G. FAUCONNEAU and
F. T. KENNEY M. C. MICHEL
CHAPTER 32. Regulation of Pro­ CHAPTER 38. The Role of the
tein Degradation in Mammalian Liver in the Regulation of Amino
Tissues Acid and Protein Metabolism
R. T. SCHIMKE
D. ELWYN
CHAPTER 33. Sites of Hormonal
Regulation of Protein Metabo­ CHAPTER 39. The Role of the
lism Kidney in the Regulation of Pro­
K. L. MANCHESTER tein Metabolism
G. F. CAHILL and
CHAPTER 34. Free Amino Acid 0. E. OWEN
Pools and Their Role in Regu­
lation
CHAPTER 40. The Role of Skel­
H. N. MUNRO
etal and Cardiac Muscle in the
Regulation of Protein Metabo­
CHAPTER 35. Regulation of In­
lism
termediary Amino Acid Metabo­
V. R. YOUNG
lism in Animal Tissues
J. H. KAPLAN and
H. C. PITOT AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX