Page i Mallarmé and the Sublime Page ii Intersections: A SUNY Series in Philosophy and Literary Criticism Rodolphe Gasché and Mark C. Taylor, Editors Page iii Mallarmé and the Sublime Louis Wirth Marvick State University of New York Press Page iv Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 1986 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Marvick, Louis Wirth, 1954 Mallarmé and the sublime. (Intersections: a SUNY series in philosophy and literary criticism) Bibliography: p. 165 Includes index. 1. Mallarmé, Stéphane, 18421898—Criticism and interpretation. 2. Sublime, The, in literature. I. Title II. Series: Intersections (Albany, N.Y.) PQ2344.Z5M29 8527750 ISBN 0887062784 ISBN 0887062792 (pbk.) Page v To my parents Page vii CONTENTS Preface xi Part One Chapter One. 1 Objections to the topic. Limitations of an historical approach. The proper application of the word "sublime" traditionally disputed. An indefinable term? Chapter Two. 7 Longinus a Romantic? Importance of social considerations in his work. Chapter Three. 13 The measure of Longinus's idealism. His practical approach to the sublime—a moderate experience. His conception of language "unliterary" by Mallarmé's definition. His conception of the ideal not modern. Chapter Four. 25 The sublime of Dr. Johnson. Words cannot do justice to the ideal: the necessity of silence. Chapter Five. 31 Contrast of Johnson to the practitioners of the "religious" sublime. The ideal takes a material form, of which they may speak. Uneasiness of their position. Page viii Chapter Six. 39 Ironic and enthusiastic attitudes to the ideal: to speak of it or not? Irony of Mallarmé's attitude. His reluctance to name the ideal compared with Johnson's. Faith, a form of enthusiasm, and its literary product, the Word. Mallarmé's hopes of doing justice to the ideal in words Chapter Seven. 47 Tendency of enthusiasts to name things with out reflecting that the words are not the things themselves. Enthusiasm alone does not confer literary distinction (John Dennis). No one rhetorical figure specially suited for the expression of enthusiasm. Enthusiasm and hyperbole. Longinus's and the Romantics' attitudes to hyperbole contrasted Chapter Eight. 53 Enthusiasm vulnerable to irony. Enthusiasm may be supplied by reader as well as writer. Important facts a defense of enthusiasm against irony. Enthusiasm disguises hyperbole's "departure from truth". Predominance of irony in modern attitude. Deceptive power of hyperbole not felt by modern critics. Hyperbole an exception to rule of literariness Chapter Nine. 63 Postponement of discussion of hyperbole in Mallarmé. Synopsis of Kant's "Analytic of the Sublime". Objections to applying his theory to literature refuted. Literary version of his theory. Chapter Ten. 73 Phases of Kant's sublime moment related to positions on scale of height and depth. Inferior position assigned by enthusiasm (Burke). Bathos the literary result of unqualified enthusiasm. Argument of Kant's "Analytic" disputed by enthusiasts. Subliminal influence of irony on enthusiasts. Methods of completing Kant's sublime moment by introducing irony without subject's conscious knowledge. A new criterion of the sublime. Page ix Chapter Eleven. 85 Mallarmé eligible for consideration as a practitioner of the sublime by both old and new standards. His obscurity the product of irony; contrasted to obscurity of enthusiasts. His experiment in sublimination. A paradox: the theoretical impossibility of his practice of the sublime. Literary result of the paradox: a singular treatment of hyperbole Part Two Chapter Twelve. 97 The Context of the Word "Sublime" in Mallarmé's Prose. I.Oeuvres complètes, pp. 716719 II. Oeuvres complètes, pp. 261262 III. Oeuvres complètes, pp. 299302 IV. Oeuvres complètes, pp. 330333 V. Oeuvres complètes, pp. 375376 VI. Oeuvres complètes, pp. 366367 VII. Oeuvres complètes, pp. 481 and 549 Chapter Thirteen. 141 A Foreword to Further Inquiry: The Poems. Conclusion 151 Appendix. Translations of French Passages. 159 Selected Bibliography 165 Notes 173 Index of Proper Names 209 Page xi PREFACE The history of the sublime in modem French and English aesthetic theory has been the subject of numerous articles and at least six booklength studies. Depending on the particular scholarly or polemical aims of their authors, these studies have focused on the place of the sublime in eighteenthcentury neoclassical theory; in Gothic fiction and the graveyard school of English poetry; in relation to the philosophy of Kant; in the development of a theory of tragedy in the nineteenth century; or in the vigorous flowering and mannered decay of the Romantic sensibility. As a rule, however, the sublime was not explicitly invoked in defense of any aesthetic position later than about 1820; nor is it nowadays applied in critical discussions of literature produced after that date. The reasons for this are not easy to see—especially since there is so little agreement among scholars about the significance of developments in the evolution of the sublime even within the chronological boundaries set for it. Thus Brody claims that Monk has misread Boileau, 1 and Albrecht reproaches him with exaggerating the role of association in Dennis's early treatise on aesthetic experience2; yet Monk's work3 is described as "definitive" by Whalley,4 who claims another authority "overmodernizes" Longinus; and so