Male Rape: The Emergence of a Social and Legal Issue PDF
Preview Male Rape: The Emergence of a Social and Legal Issue
Male Rape This page intentionally left blank Male Rape The Emergence of a Social and Legal Issue Noreen Abdullah-Khan © Noreen Abdullah-Khan 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-52076-9 All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-35584-6 ISBN 978-0-230-22765-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230227651 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.Logging,pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Abdullah-Khan,Noreen,1973- Male rape:the emergence of a social and legal issue / Noreen Abdullah-Khan. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Male rape. 2. Male rape—Psychological aspects. 3. Male rape victims. 4. Sex crimes. I. Title. HV6558.A32 2008 362.883081—dc22 2008016142 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 Contents List of Figures and Tables vi Acknowledgements vii List of Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1 Taking Victims into Account and Considering the Impact of Victim blame 9 2 Contextualising the Issue of Male Rape 15 3 Theoretical Explanations for the Occurrence of Male Rape 39 4 Researching Male-on-Male Rape 93 5 Challenging Myths? Male Rape in the News 103 6 The Metropolitan Police Service 116 7 The Nature and Impact of Male Rape: Empirical Findings from Survivors of Male Rape 183 8 Policy Directions for Male Rape and Conclusions 219 Notes 238 References 247 Index 262 v Figures and Tables Figure 0.1 Chronology of male rape 4 Figure 5.1 Newspaper coverage of male rape 106 Figure 6.1 The problem of male rape 120 Figure 6.2 Do you think male rape is considered an important issue in the police? 129 Figure 6.3 Comparing treatment of male and female victims of rape 133 Figure 6.4 Who do you think are most likely to become victims of male rape? 151 Figure 6.5 Officers’ views on victim responses to attack 171 Figure 7.1 Gender of callers (total sample(cid:2)39) 187 Figure 7.2 Survivors’ awareness of vulnerability to rape 201 Figure 7.3 Survivors’ definitions of rape 203 Figure 7.4 Type of attack 204 Figure 7.5 Forms of violence used during the attack 205 Figure 7.6 Survivors’ disclosure of the attack(s) 211 Table 6.1 Gender of sample in relation to overall gender distribution in the MPS 117 Table 7.1 Ethnicity of survivors and attacker(s) 188 Table 7.2 Number of survivors reporting rape to the police 189 Table 7.3 The sexuality of survivors 192 Table 7.4 Place of assault 193 Table 7.5 Connection between perpetrator(s) and survivor 194 Table 7.6 Relationship between survivor and perpetrator(s) 195 Table 7.7 Number of attackers 195 Table 7.8 Effects of rape: Victimisation survey data 197 Table 7.9 How survivors responded during the attack 207 vi Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr Jayne Mooney and Professor Jeanne Gregory for their continuous support over the years it took to complete this work. Their dedication, guidance and ever-important feedback are very much valued. My thanks also go to Professor Jock Young for helping in the initial stages of designing the questionnaires used in this study and for all his encouraging words throughout. My special thanks go to Survivors UK and especially to Richard Curen for always being helpful and for his continuous dedication to the plight of survivors. Also, I would like to extend my gratitude to Mike Worth for helping to make sense of the statistical data in its early stages. The survivors in this study remain name- less, yet their presence and experiences have hopefully been made visible. I would like to extend special thanks to them for their immense courage, not only in participating but also in surviving and coping. My apprecia- tion also goes to the counsellors who took the time to offer their valuable insights into this important issue. My heartfelt thanks are extended to Iain Ferguson for his backing, his tremendous enthusiasm to carry on with the work and for always being helpful. Thanks also go to the many other police officers that shared their time and their experiences to help make a difference. Azima Khatun’s friendship has provided hours of fun and laughter over the years, and I would like to say a special thanks for all those wonderful times. I would like to thank my brother Samir for always managing to make me smile, for his strength during difficult times and for his wonderful spirit and thoughtfulness. I would like to extend a special thanks to both my parents – my father, for his courage, his bravery and for the wonderful inspiration he has been; and my beautiful late mother, who taught me the meaning of wisdom, patience and the importance of love, and who showed me that everything is possible, if only we carry on believing. This project has been completed because of the support, guidance and love of my husband, Mohammad, who has offered countless hours inputting data and presenting it in digestible form. He has shaped my ideas, given me direction and, most importantly, given me hope in my darkest of hours. His contributions are reflected throughout the book. I will forever be indebted to Mohammad for his strength, patience, caring and for always being there. Finally, to Yousef and Noor, thank you for the gift of uncon- ditional love and laughter. vii viii Acknowledgements I would in humble appreciation like to dedicate this work to my late mother, who would have been so happy and proud at the completion of this project; to my father, from whom I have learned so much; and to my wonderful husband, who has always believed in me and offered practical and emotional support always. January 2008 Abbreviations AO Administrative Officer BAC British Association of Counselling CPS Crown Prosecution Service DC Detective Constable DCI Detective Chief Inspector DI Detective Inspector DS Detective Sergeant FME Forensic Medical Examiner GUM Genito-Urinary Medicine IAG Independent Advisory Group MPS Metropolitan Police Service MVSASG Male Victims of Sexual Abuse Steering Group PC Police Constable PI Police Inspector PS Police Sergeant PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder RCC Rape Crisis Centres SOE Sexual Offence Examination SOIT Sexual Offences Investigation Techniques VSS Victim Support Schemes ix
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