Male Infertility: A Complete Guide to Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

281 Pages·2014·4.82 MB·English

by  Stefan S. du Plessis

Stefan S. du Plessis
Ashok Agarwal
Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr.
Editors
Male Infertility
A Complete Guide
to Lifestyle and
Environmental Factors
123
Male Infertility

Stefan S. du Plessis (cid:129) Ashok Agarwal
Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr.
Editors
Male Infertility
A Complete Guide to Lifestyle
and Environmental Factors
Editors
Stefan S. du Plessis, BSc (Hons), MSc, Ashok Agarwal, PhD, HCLD, (ABB),
MBA, PhD (Stell) ELD (ACE)
Division of Medical Physiology Center for Reproductive Medicine
Department of Biomedical Sciences Andrology Center
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute
Stellenbosch University Cleveland Clinic
Tygerberg , South Africa Cleveland, OH , USA
Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr., MD
Glickman Urological and Kidney
Institute
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland , OH , USA
ISBN 978-1-4939-1039-7 ISBN 978-1-4939-1040-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1040-3
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014944131
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
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Foreword
Male infertility is on the rise. Most providers are familiar with the well-k nown
causes of infertility, such as varicoceles. Lifestyle and environment, although
postulated in having a role in the etiology of male infertility, has not been
well studied. This book seeks to bring to light the various factors that can
impact male fertility and sperm function. The editors, Drs. Du Plessis,
Agarwal, and Sabanegh, have assembled a wide range of experts to contribute
to this unique text. Topics include epidemiology, the impact of smoking and
alcohol, obesity, exercise, vitamins and supplements, illegal drugs, heat,
STIs, psychological stress, electronic devices, pesticides, endocrine disruptors,
radiation, iatrogenic treatment, and age. These are all areas that have been
implicated at some time with male infertility for which convincing evidence
is lacking or confl icting. The editors have done a fi ne job of bringing together
all of these varied topics and presenting balanced views of the literature
regarding their potential impact on male fertility. Each of the editors is well
known for their contributions to the fi eld of andrology and infertility, and
their expertise, along with that of their chosen authors, makes this book
unique. This book should add to the armamentarium of all providers who see
patients of reproductive age.
Milwaukee, WI, USA Jay I. Sandlow, MD
Professor and Vice-Chairman
Department of Urology
Medical College of Wisconsin
v

Pref ace
Male infertility is on the upsurge worldwide, thereby contributing progressively
more to couple infertility. There is growing evidence supporting causal links
between the environment, lifestyle choices, general male health, systemic
disease, and male reproductive health. Due to increased environmental pres-
sures and unhealthy modern lifestyle choices, this combined set of factors can
accumulate over time and contribute signifi cantly to adverse impact on male
reproductive issues.
With the advent of ICSI these concerns may be circumvented and margin-
alized. However, ART procedures do not address the root of the problem and
it is important to focus on environmental and lifestyle issues such as pesti-
cides, dietary habits, sexually transmitted infections, cell phone radiation,
alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use to name but a few.
With this fi rst of a kind textbook we aim to provide a comprehensive yet
concise review of various environmental and lifestyle factors which impact
male infertility with specifi c emphasis on the mechanisms contributing to
decreased sperm production and impaired function. The book consists of 16
different yet applicably themed topics. Each chapter was written by interna-
tionally recognized scientists and clinicians in an easy to follow, informal yet
scientifi c style thereby making the text ideal for those seeking to increase
their general knowledge of the fi eld. We hope that this book will have a broad
and global appeal as it would be used not only as a reference for basic scien-
tists, andrologists, and embryologists, but may also act as a clinical guideline
for physicians and infertility experts.
W e would like to thank all of the contributing authors for their inputs and
are especially grateful to Michael D. Sova (developmental editor) for his tire-
less efforts in reviewing and preparing each of the manuscripts for production.
We would also like to acknowledge the Division of Medical Physiology at
Stellenbosch University and the Glickman Urological Institute at the Cleveland
Clinic for their institutional support towards this endeavor. Finally we would
like to express our gratitude towards our families for their support and patience
in allowing us to complete this book. We trust that this book will become an
important resource for reproductive professionals around the world.
Tygerberg, South Africa Stefan S. du Plessis
Cleveland, OH Ashok Agarwal
Cleveland, OH Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr.
vii

Contents
1 Epidemiology and Evidence of Declining Male Fertility ........... 1
Marcello Cocuzza and Sandro C. Esteves
Part I Lifestyle/Personal Factors
2 The Effect of Smoking on Male Infertility .................................. 19
Omar Haque, Joseph A. Vitale, Ashok Agarwal,
and Stefan S. du Plessis
3 BMI and Obesity ........................................................................... 31
Karishma Khullar, Ashok Agarwal, and Stefan S. du Plessis
4 The Impact of Physical Exercise on Male Fertility .................... 47
Diana Maria Vaamonde Martin, Marzo Edir Da Silva- Grigoletto,
Asghar Abbasi, and Juan Manuel García Manso
5 The Importance of Diet, Vitamins, Malnutrition,
and Nutrient Defi ciencies in Male Fertility ................................ 61
Landon W. Trost, Ahmet Gudeloglu, Edmund Y. Ko,
and Sijo J. Parekattil
6 The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Male Infertility ............ 8 3
Edson Borges Jr. and Fábio Firmbach Pasqualotto
7 Drugs: Recreational and Performance Enhancing
Substance Abuse ............................................................................ 93
Fanuel Lampiao, Taryn Lockey, Collins E. Jana,
David Moon Lee, and Stefan S. du Plessis
8 Testicular Heat Stress and Sperm Quality .................................. 105
Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Rakesh K. Sharma,
Stefan S. du Plessis, and Ashok Agarwal
9 Sexual Issues: Role of Sexually Transmitted
Infections on Male Factor Fertility.............................................. 127
William B. Smith II, Landon W. Trost, Yihan Chen,
Amanda Rosencrans, and Wayne J. G. Hellstrom
10 Psychological Stress and Male Infertility.................................... 141
S. C. Basu
ix