Making Waves: Worldwide Social Movements, 1750-2005 PDF
Preview Making Waves: Worldwide Social Movements, 1750-2005
* Making Waves Fernand Braudel Center Series Edited by Immanuel Wallerstein Alternatives: The United States Confronts the World by ImmanuelW allerstein The Modern World-System in the Longue Duree edited by ImmanuelW allerstein Overcoming the Two Cultures: Science versus the Humanities in the Modern World-System RichardE . Lee and ImmanuelW allerstein,c oordinators Making Waves: Worldwide Social Movements, 1750-2005 William G. Martin,c oordinator * Making Waves Worldwide Social Movements, 1750-2005 William G. Martin, coordinator with Tuba Agartan Caleb M. Bush Woo-Young Choi Tu Huynh Fouad Kalouche Eric Mielants Rochelle Morris Paradigm Publishers Boulder•L ondon {If*'· Paradigm Publishers is committed to preserving our environment. This \./ book was printed on recycled paper with 30% post-consumer waste content, saving trees and avoiding the creation of hundreds of gallons of wastewater, tens of pounds of solid waste, more than a hundred pounds of greenhouse gases, and using hundreds fewer kilowatt hours of electricity than if it had been printed on paper manufactured from all virgin fibers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be transmitted or reproduced in any media or form, including electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or informational storage and retrieval systems, without the express written consent of the publisher. Copyright © 2008 by Paradigm Publishers Published in the United States by Paradigm Publishers, 3360 Mitchell Lane, Suite E, Boulder, Colorado 80301 USA. Paradigm Publishers is the trade name of Birkenkamp & Company, LLC, Dean Birkenkamp, President and Publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Making waves : worldwide social movements, 1765-2005 / William G. Martin, coord., with Tuba Agartan ... [et al.]. p. cm. - (Fernand braudel center series) "This is the first of three inter-related books (in a project directed by Immanuel Wallerstein) whose overall objective is to provide an alternative account of con temporary developments of globalization. Current events can only be understood within the historical development of the capitalist world-economy. Authors will explore the three interrelated loci of action within the system - the structural trends in the capitalist world-economy, the categories of social knowledge, and the waves of antisystemic movements. Each book will investigate each of these sectors worldwide for long historical periods (two to four centuries) to discern what is special about the current period, and to seek to understand why we are nearing a crisis-breakpoint of the historical system in which we live today" - Provided by the publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59451-480-7(h ardcover: alk. paper) - ISBN 978-1-59451-481-4(p bk. : alk. paper) 1. Social movements-History. 2. Social conflict-History. 3. Capi talism-History. 4. Globalization-History. I. Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice, 1930- II. Martin, William G., 1952- III. Agartan, Tuba. HM881.M342 007 306.3'420903-dc22 2007020034 Printed and bound in the United States of America on acid-free paper that meets the standards of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Designed and Typeset by Straight Creek Bookmakers. 12 11 10 09 08 5 4 3 2 1 * Contents Foreword vii Immanuel Wallerstein Acknowledgments viii Introduction: The Search for Antisystemic Movements 1 William G. Martin Chapter 1 The Transformation of the Capitalist World: 1750-1850 10 Tuba Agartan, Woo-Young Choi, and Tu Huynh Chapter 2 . Reformers and Revolutionaries: The Rise of Antisystemic Movements and the Paradox of Power, 1848-1917 50 Caleb M. Bush Chapter 3 Empires Crumble, Movements Fall: Antisystemic Struggle, 1917-1968 82 Caleb M. Bush and Rochelle Morris Chapter 4 Transformations of the World-System and Antisystemic Movements: 1968-2005 128 Fouad Kalouche and Eric Mielants * VI Contents Chapter 5 Conclusion: World Movement Waves and World Transformations 168 William G. Martin Bibliography 181 Index 203 About the Contributors 217 * Foreword The Fernand Braudel Center, somewhat dismayed by the ahistoric analysis of the contemporary world that has been occurring in much of the litera ture that parades under the rubric of globalization, decided to launch a three-part investigation of what we think are the three major pillars of the existing world-system-the systems of production, the knowledge systems, and the antisystemic movements. Each was to be analyzed in historical depth and worldwide, permitting a reasoned assessment of what actually has and has not changed in the last third of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. · This volume is the first of the three to appear. It is, we believe, the first attempt to look globally at social movements of all types since ap proximately 1750, to see their interconnections, their strong points and strong moments, and the forces they confronted. The basic assumption is that there were a series of waves of such movements, each worldwide, each different. But there has also been a cumulative story, which enables us to look intelligently at what may be coming in the next thirty years or so. Immanuel Wallerstein *vii* * Acknowledgments This project was a collaborative one, engaging many persons and much support. Our research and writing were formulated and guided by discus sions among members of the Femand Braudel Center's Research Working Group on Antisystemic Movements. The Group's membership included Tuba Agartan, Caleb M. Bush, Woo-Young Choi, Mel".yn Dubofsky, Tu Huynh, Fouad Kalouche, Richard Lee, Eric Mielants, Rochelle Morris, Immanuel Wallerstein, and William G. Martin as coordinator. Special thanks are due to Pat.rick Bond, Ravi Palat, and Michael West, who critically reviewed first findings at a March 2004 workshop. Support from the World Society Foundation underwrote our workshop review and allowed us to bring our work to a timely conclusion, for which we are very grateful. Special thanks are due to Susan Thornton, who provided copyediting support. Finally, it was only the consistent support of the staff at the Femand Braudel Center, including Becky Dunlop and particularly Donna Devoist, who made our work possil?le year after year. * * viii * Introduction The Search for Antisystemic Movements WilliamC . Martin Over the course of the past decade, radical protest activity has exploded across the world-economy, stretching from Chiapas to Chicago, from Prague to Porto Alegre, from Seattle to Sandton, South Africa. Appearing as it does long after the demise of the 1960s movements and the paci fication of the movements that toppled dictatorships during the 1980s, the current outbreak is quite remarkable. Two signal aspects stand out: First, it exhibits a stark anticapitalist character. Second, the new move ments consciously and increasingly operate through transnational and transcontinental alliances. For most observers in the North these features prefigure a dramatic new era of "antiglobalization" movements, emblematic of a new era marked by a remarkably integrated global culture and global economy. This project proposes a quite different, historical understanding of this new wave of what we would call antisystemicm ovements. Our previous work in very different fields suggested a very different hypothesis than those most commonly encountered; namely, that for at least several hun dred years there have been successive waves of movements that have attacked and destabilized the q1pitalist world-economy, its hegemonic powers, and dominant geocultures, and yet, at the same time, have come to provide legitimacy and the foundation for a new ordering of accu mulation and political rule on a world scale. Seen from this perspective, present movements potentially take on a very distinctive meaning within *1* * 2 WilliamG . Martin a family of world movement moments, and pose for us quite different possible futures than those most commonly -charted. The aim of this introductory essay is to set the stage for the fol lowing world-epoch studies that carry the body of our collective argu ment. This ground-clearing proceeds in three parts. First, I ,set out the concerns and conceptualizations that generated our endeavor and frame our ongoing research. Second, I outline our research steps and missteps. Third, I sketch a series of leading questions and conclusions, focused particularly on the future of world movements and the world-economy. Consideration of this last item suggests that contemporary movements pose radical challenges to the existence of capitalism on a world scale, and, at the same time, point to the possibility that these challenges could lead to the creation of a stable, postliberal, capitalist world-economy. Al most all of these points, from conceptions of "antisystemic movements" to conclusions on contemporary movements, remain subject to vigorous debate among research working members-as will become evident in the epoch studies to come. Movement Studies and Movement Anomalies The current outbreak of "antiglobalization" movements has not only challenged states and capital and international institutions all across the world, but fundamentally called into question the last generation of social movement research. In part, the state of movement research reflects the fate of the new social movements of the 1960s and 1970s, as scholars in the richer zo:p.eso f the world-economy concentrated on how these movements became part of the institutional landscape of advanced capitalist societies and states. Thus, many North American and European studies in the 1980s and 1990s stressed the demise of the revolutions and violent protests that defined the old and new Left, and focused instead on the rationalization, normalization, and institutionalization of protest activity. Labor, civil rights, feminist, and Green movements in the North, and nationalist and national liberation movements in the South, had been transformed and incorporated, we. were told, into everyday institutions, particularly political parties and the state. By"the mid-1990s this work coalesced into a dominant paradigm in North America, the "political process" school. The radical anticapitalist, utopian, or materialist move ments and revolutions of the first two-thirds of the twentieth century were thus increasingly seen by scholars as historical artifacts. The development of movement studies along these lines in the last half of the twentieth century served to further entrench conceptions and replicable nar_ratives of the so-called nation-state. Movements were studied as national movements, leading to the formation of nation-states within wliich they would be encapsulated. In such a framework it was
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