Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture, Volume I: To 1790, 1st Edition PDF
Preview Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture, Volume I: To 1790, 1st Edition
Making Europe This page intentionally left blank VOLUME I: TO 1790 Making Europe PEOPLE, POLITICS, AND CULTURE Frank L. Kidner San Francisco State University Maria Bucur Indiana University Ralph Mathisen University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Sally McKee University of California, Davis Theodore R. Weeks Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York Publisher:Suzanne Jeans Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates Senior Developmental Editor: Jeffrey Greene Senior Project Editor: Jane Lee Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan Editorial Associate: Adrienne Zicht Marketing Associate: Lauren Bussard Editorial Assistant: Anne Finley Cover image: Empress Theodora,detail from crown of Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Momomachos, 11th century. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary/Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA02116-3764. Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007938069 ISBN 13: 978-0-618-00480-5 ISBN 10: 0-618-00480-7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-CRK-11 10 09 08 07 Brief Contents Maps xiii Features xiv Preface xvii About the Authors xxiii Chapter 1 The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient Near East, 3000–1200B.C.E. 2 Chapter 2 Iron Age Civilizations, 1200–500 B.C.E. 32 Chapter 3 The Rise of Greek Civilization, 1100–387 B.C.E. 58 Chapter 4 From Polis to Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic World, 387–30 B.C.E. 88 Chapter 5 The Rise of Rome, 753–27 B.C.E. 114 Chapter 6 The Roman Empire, 27 B.C.E.–284C.E. 144 Chapter 7 Late Antiquity, 284–527 174 Chapter 8 The Eastern Mediterranean, 500–1000 204 Chapter 9 The Kingdoms of Western Europe, 500–1000 234 Chapter 10 The High Middle Ages, 1000–1300 262 Chapter 11 Reversals and Disasters, 1300–1450 292 Chapter 12 The Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe, 1350–1550 322 Chapter 13 Europe’s Age of Expansion, 1450–1550 348 Chapter 14 Reform in the Western Church, 1490–1570 380 Chapter 15 A Century of War and Wonder, 1550–1650 410 Chapter 16 State Building and the European State System 1648–1789 442 Chapter 17 The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, 1550–1790 476 Index I-1 v Contents Maps xiii Introduction 35 Features xiv Merchants and Traders of the Eastern Mediterranean, Preface xvii 1200–650B.C.E. 35 From Bronze to Iron 35 About the Authors xxiii The Phoenicians 36 Other Eastern Mediterranean Traders 38 Chapter 1 The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient Near East,3000–1200 B.C.E. 2 The Hebrews and Monotheism, 1800–900 B.C.E. 39 Hebrew Origins 40 Choice Akhenaton Decides to Make Aton the Main God of Egypt 4 The Exodus and the Age of Judges 41 Introduction 5 Voice The Song of Deborah 42 Before History, 2,000,000–3000 B.C.E. 5 The Evolution of Hebrew Identity 43 The Old Stone Age 5 The Hebrew Kingdom 44 The Neolithic Revolution 8 The Assyrians and Their Successors, 900–550 The Emergence of Near Eastern Civilization 9 B.C.E. 46 The Rise of the Assyrian Empire 46 Mesopotamian Civilization, 3000–1200 B.C.E. 11 Assyrian Economy and Government 47 Sumerian Gods and Legends 11 The Successors of the Assyrians 49 Sumerian Government and Society 12 Semitic and Indo-European Peoples 14 The Persian Empire, 550–500 B.C.E. 51 Cyrus and the Rise of the Persian Empire 51 The Code of Hammurabi 16 Darius and the Consolidation of the Empire 53 Egyptian Civilization, 3000–1200 B.C.E. 17 Persian Society and Religion 54 The Gift of the Nile 18 Persia, the West, and the Future 55 Egyptian Government and Society 19 Summary 56 The Age of the Pyramids 20 The Age of Osiris 21 Echo From the Lydian Shekel to the Silver Dollar 57 The New Kingdom 22 Voice Akhenaton, “Great Hymn to Aton” 23 Chapter 3 The Rise of Greek Civilization, Lost Civilizations of the Bronze Age, 2500–1200 1100–387B.C.E. 58 B.C.E. 25 Choice Socrates Chooses Death 60 Ebla and Canaan 25 Introduction 61 The Minoans of Crete 25 The Development of Greek Identity, 1100–776 The Mycenaeans of Greece 27 B.C.E. 61 The Sea Peoples and the End of the Bronze Age 28 The Greek Dark Ages 61 Summary 29 Competition and Conflict 65 Echo The Return of the Mummy 30 Gender Roles 65 Greek Religion and Culture 67 Chapter 2 Iron Age Civilizations, The Archaic Age, 776–500 B.C.E. 69 1200–500B.C.E. 32 The Revival of Trade and Culture 69 The Evolution of Greek Literature and Thought 70 Choice Deborah Leads the Hebrew People Against the Canaanites 34 vi Contents vii The Rise of Militarism 71 Chapter 5 The Rise of Rome,753–27 B.C.E. 114 New Forms of Government 72 Choice Spartacus Decides to Revolt 116 Sparta and Athens 73 Introduction 117 The Spartan Way 73 The Development of Roman Identity, 753–509 The Evolution of the Athenian Government 75 B.C.E. 117 The Athenian Democracy 76 ACity on Seven Hills 117 The Classical Age, 500–387 B.C.E. 77 What it Meant to Be Roman 119 The Persian Wars 78 Early Roman Religion 121 The Rise and Fall of Athens 80 Roman Family Life 123 The Golden Age of Greek Culture 82 The Evolution of the Roman Republic, 509–146 Voice Aristophanes Suggests How to End B.C.E. 125 the War 83 Roman Republican Government 125 Summary 86 Voice Polybius Describes the Roman Echo The Olympic Games 86 Constitution 126 APeople Ruled by Law 127 Chapter 4 From Polis to Cosmopolis:The Going to War 128 Hellenistic World,387–30 B.C.E. 88 The Expansion of Rome 130 Choice The Maccabees Decide to Revolt 90 The Effects of Roman Expansion, 146–88 B.C.E. 132 Introduction 91 The Transformation of Rome 132 Alexander the Great, 387–323 B.C.E. 91 The Assimilation of Greek Culture 134 The Rise of Macedonia 91 Problems in the Provinces 135 The Unification of Greece 93 The Gracchi and the Military Recruitment Crisis 136 Alexander’s Wars 93 Marius and the Volunteer Army 136 Alexander’s Empire 96 Voice Plutarch and Arrian Describe Alexander’s The End of the Republic, 90–27 B.C.E. 137 Mass Marriages 97 Sulla’s Example 137 The Hellenistic World, 323–30 B.C.E. 98 Late Republican Politics 138 The Hellenistic Kingdoms 98 The Triumvirates 139 Hellenistic Cities 100 Society and Culture at the End of the Republic 141 Voyages of Exploration 101 Summary 141 Hellenistic Culture and Science 102 Echo From Appian Way to Interstate Highway 142 Art and Literature 103 Aristotle and the Rise of Practical Chapter 6 The Roman Empire,27 B.C.E.– Philosophy 104 284C.E. 144 Hellenistic Science 104 Choice Boudicca Chooses to Revolt Against Hellenistic Technology 106 Rome 146 Identity in a Cosmopolitan Society 107 Introduction 147 An Age of Anxiety 107 Augustus and the Creation of the Roman Empire, The Hellenistic Mystery Cults 108 27B.C.E.–14C.E. 147 Augustus the Emperor 148 The Intellectual Approach to Identity 109 The Unification of the Roman World 150 Hellenistic Judaism 110 The Age of Augustus 152 Summary 112 Echo The Seven Wonders of the Ancient The Roman Peace, 14–192 C.E. 154 World 113 The Successors of Augustus 154 Society and Culture 156 viii Contents Urban Life 157 The Post-Roman World, 400–527 198 Economic Activity 159 Romans and Barbarians in the Post-Roman West Religion in the Roman Empire and the Rise of 198 Christianity 161 The Barbarian Kingdoms 199 State and Private Religion 161 The Byzantine Empire 200 The Jews in the Roman World 162 Summary 202 The Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth 163 Echo Sunday Blue Laws 202 Early Christian Communities 165 The Christians in the Roman World 167 Chapter 8 The Eastern Mediterranean, Voice Vibia Perpetua Records the Events Leading 500–1000 204 toHer Martyrdom 168 Choice Empress Theodora Changes Emperor The Roman Empire in Crisis, 193–284 C.E. 169 Justinian’s Mind 206 The Emperors and the Army 169 Introduction 207 The Ruin of the Roman Economy 170 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, The Imperial Crisis 170 500–650 207 Summary 172 Justinian’s Ambitions 208 Echo From Roman Gladiators to Boxing and The Search for Christian Unity 210 Wrestlemania 172 The Codification of Roman Law 211 Constantinople: The New Rome 211 Chapter 7 Late Antiquity,284–527 174 The Empire After Justinian 213 Choice Constantine Decides to Become a The Rise of Islam, 600–700 214 Christian 176 The Arabian Peninsula 214 Introduction 177 The Life of Muhammad 215 The Restoration of the Roman Empire, 284–337 177 The Religion of Islam 217 Diocletian and the Return to Order 178 People of the Book 217 The Rise of Constantine 179 Muslim Families 219 Constantine and Late Roman Government 181 The Expansion of Islam, 700–800 220 The Christian Empire, 312–415 182 The Caliphate and Arab Invasions 220 Constantine and the Church 182 Across Africa and into Spain 221 The Impact of Christianity 183 Islamic Civilization 222 The Christian Life 185 Middle Byzantine Period, 600–1071 224 Christian Asceticism and Monasticism 187 Losses and Reforms 224 The Expansion of Christian Authority 188 The Waning of Byzantine Society 225 Late Romans and Their World 188 The Controversy over Icons 226 The Pursuit of Personal Security 189 Voice Church Councils Condemn and Restore the New Opportunities 190 Use of Icons 228 Literary Culture 191 The Empress Irene 229 The Changing Landscape 192 AReorientation to the North 230 The Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Summary 231 364–476 193 Echo Sunnis and Shiites 232 Rome’s Last Golden Age 193 The Barbarians and Rome 193 Chapter 9 The Kingdoms of Western Europe, The Disintegration of the Western Empire 195 500–1000 234 Voice Ammianus Describes the Huns 196 Choice The Pope Crowns Charlemagne Interpretations of the Fall of the West 197 Emperor 236 Contents ix Introduction 237 The Politics of Dynastic Families 279 Regional Rule, Local Views, 500–750 237 The Holy Roman Empire and Frederick II 280 Kingship and Rule in Merovingian Gaul 238 The Instruments of Rule 281 The Iberian and Italian Peninsulas 239 The Growth of Towns and Trade 281 The Decline of Trade 240 Expansion in Agriculture 282 The Decline of Cities 241 Revival of Trade and Town 282 The Western Church, 500–800 242 The Interests of Business 284 The Christianization of Northern Europe 242 The Trade in Slaves 284 Voice Pope Gregory Sends Instructions to a The Building of Cathedrals and the Spread of Missionary 244 Learning 286 The Bishops 245 The Great Cathedrals 286 The Bishop of Rome 246 From Cathedral Schools to Universities 287 Monasticism and Learning 247 New Learning, New Thinking 288 Charlemagne and the Revival of Empire in the Summary 290 West, 700–900 249 Echo Crusade 290 From Mayor to King 249 From King to Emperor 250 Chapter 11 Reversals and Disasters, Imperial Rule in the West 251 1300–1450 292 The Partition of Charlemagne’s Empire 253 Choice Joan of Arc Recants, Then Retracts Her Order and Disorder in the Ninth and Tenth Recanting 294 Centuries 254 Introduction 295 Lords and Vassals 254 Famine and Plague 295 Peasants and the Manor 256 Saracens, Vikings, and Magyars 256 The Spread of Hunger 295 The Empire Under Otto 258 The Specter of Death 297 Summary 259 Endurance and Adaptation 298 Echo The Beginning of Time 260 Economies Under Stress 299 One Hundred Years of Warfare 300 Buildup to War 300 Chapter 10 The High Middle Ages, 1000–1300 262 An Occasional War 300 Choice Thomas Becket Defends the Liberties of the Violence Against Civilians 302 Church 264 The Final Stage 304 Introduction 265 Resistance and Revolt 304 Church Reform and Spiritual Renewal 265 Flanders 305 Reform from Within 266 France 305 The Church and Secular Authority 267 Florence 306 Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council 268 England 307 Lay Leaders and Friars 269 AWorldly Church 308 The Crusades 272 Papal Ambitions 308 AWar to Renew the Church 272 The Avignon Papacy 309 Crusading Armies and Crusader States 273 The Great Schism 310 Voice Anna Comnena Describes the Crusaders 274 The Laity and the Church 311 Crusades in the East and in Europe 275 The Contraction of Europe’s Borders 312 The Impact of the Crusades 276 Old Empires and Newcomers 312 The Growth of Royal Authority 277 The Rise of the Ottoman Turks 313 From Weak Kings to Strong Monarchs 277
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