Making Europe: People, Politics, and Culture, Volume 2: Since 1550

530 Pages·2009·38.922 MB·English

by  Frank L. Kidner, Maria Bucur, Ralph Mathisen, Sally McKee, Theodore R. Weeks

Making Europe
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VOLUME II: SINCE 1550
Making Europe
PEOPLE, POLITICS, AND CULTURE
Frank L. Kidner
San Francisco State University
Maria Bucur
Indiana University
Ralph Mathisen
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Sally McKee
University of California, Davis
Theodore R. Weeks
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Houghton Mifflin Company
Boston New York
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6 Publisher: Suzanne Jeans
7 Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine
8 Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates
9 Senior Developmental Editor: Jeffrey Greene
10 Senior Project Editor: Jane Lee
11 Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber
12 Cover Design Director: Tony Saizon
13 Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare
14 Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton
15 New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan
16 Editorial Associate: Adrienne Zicht
Marketing Associate: Lauren Bussard
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Editorial Assistant: Anne Finley
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Cover image: Communist poster of Lenin, “Lenin lived, Lenin lives, Lenin will live forever,” 1967. The Granger
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Collection.
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Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
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No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior
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written permission by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin
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Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA02116-3764.
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Printed in the U.S.A.
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Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007938069
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51 ISBN 13: 978-0-618-00481-2
52 ISBN 10: 0-618-00481-5
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Brief Contents 1
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Maps xiii
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Features xv 8
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Preface xvii 10
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About the Authors xxiii
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Chapter 15 A Century of War and Wonder, 1550–1650 410 14
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Chapter 16 State Building and the European State System 1648–1789 442 16
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Chapter 17 The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, 1550–1790 476 18
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Chapter 18 Trade and Empire, 1700–1800 506 20
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Chapter 19 Revolutionary France and Napoleonic Europe, 1775–1815 536
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Chapter 20 Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,
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1814–1847 566
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Chapter 21 Industrialization and Society, 1800–1850 594
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Chapter 22 The Triumph of the Nation-State, 1848–1900 622
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Chapter 23 The Culture of Industrial Europe, 1850–1914 654
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Chapter 24 The Age of Imperialism, 1870–1914 682 34
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Chapter 25 War and Revolution, 1900–1918 714 36
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Chapter 26 A Decade of Revolutionary Experiments, 1918–1929 742 38
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Chapter 27 Democracy Under Siege, 1929–1945 772 40
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Chapter 28 Europe Divided, 1945–1968 804 42
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Chapter 29 Lifting the Iron Curtain, 1969–1991 836 44
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Chapter 30 Europe in a Globalizing World, 1991 to the Present 866 46
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Index I-1 49
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Contents 1
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Maps xiii Sabbatai Sevi 436 6
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Features xv Summary 438
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Preface xvii Echo War Stories 439
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About the Authors xxiii 10
Chapter 16 State Building and the European 11
Chapter 15 A Century of War and Wonder, State System 1648–1789 442 12
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1550–1650 410 Choice Louis XIV Decides to Rule France on His
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Choice Jacques Callot Publishes the “Miseries and Own 444
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Misfortunes of War” 412 Introduction 445
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Introduction 413 Absolutism in France, 1648–1740 445 17
Europe’s Economy and Society 414 The Sun King at Versailles 445 18
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Europe’s Continuing Overseas Expansion 414 Forty Years of Warfare 447
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ARiver of Silver 415 Voice Louis XIV Advises His Son 448
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ARevolution in Prices 416 AUnified French State 450 22
The Hunt for Witches 417 Louis XV 451 23
The Fate of Spain and the Flourishing of the The Austrian Habsburgs, 1648–1740 451 24
Netherlands 418 25
Leopold I 452
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Philip II 418
The Turkish Siege of Vienna and the Reconquest 27
The Spanish War Against Islam 419 ofHungary 453 28
The Revolt in the Netherlands 420 The Habsburg Monarchy 454 29
The Dutch Miracle 421 The Rise of Prussia, 1640–1740 454 30
Dutch Civilization 423 Territorial Consolidation 455 31
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Political Contests and More Religious Wars 424
Taxes to Support an Army 456
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France’s Wars of Religion 426 King Frederick William I 456 34
The Resurgent French Monarchy 426 Russia and Europe, 1682–1796 457 35
The Habsburg War Against Islam 427 Peter the Great and Westernization 457 36
The Thirty Years’ War 427 Catherine the Great and Russian Expansion 460 37
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The Peace of Westphalia 428 The Pugachev Rebellion and Russian Society 462
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Voice Simplicius Simplicissimus Encounters Some The English Constitutional Monarchy, 40
“Merry Cavalrymen” 429 1660–1740 462 41
Reformation and Revolution in the British The Restoration: Charles II 462 42
Isles 430 43
James II 463
Elizabeth I 430 44
The Glorious Revolution 463
The Early Stuart Monarchs 431 45
The Georges from Germany 466
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Civil War, Revolution, and the
Two World Wars, 1740–1763 467 47
Commonwealth 433
The Wars 467 48
Oliver Cromwell 434
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Eighteenth-Century Warfare 467
Christian Reform, Religious War, and the 50
Jews 435 Winners and Losers 469 51
Jews in Poland and Western Europe 435 Summary 473 52
War in Poland, 1648–1667 436 Echo Palaces 474 53 S
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viii Contents
The Atlantic World 518
Chapter 17 The Scientific Revolution and the
The Atlantic Economy 518
Enlightenment,1550–1790 476
Voice Olaudah Equiano Describes Passage on a
Choice Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Introduces
SlaveShip 520
Smallpox Inoculation in England 478
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires 522
Introduction 479
The French and British Empires 523
ARevolution in Astronomy 480
World War and Britain Victorious 524
Ancient and Medieval Astronomy 480
The American Revolution and Britain
ANew View of the Universe 481
Subdued 524
Models of Scientific Knowledge 482
European Society in an Age of Enlightenment 525
Why Change Occurred 483
Comfort and Privacy 525
The Impact of the New Science 484
The Problem of the Poor 527
Scientific Networks 484
Popular Social Protest 528
Science and Religion 485
The Social Order 529
Science and the State 486
The Nation 530
The Nature of History 487
The Beginning of Industrial Production 531
The Enlightenment 487
Mechanization and Mass Production 531
The Early Enlightenment 487
Why Britain? 533
Voltaire 488
Summary 534
Voice Voltaire Attacks Christianity 490
Echo Trafficking in Human Beings 534
Enlightenment Religion 491
Diderot and the Encyclopédie 492
Chapter 19 Revolutionary France and
The Late Enlightenment 493
Napoleonic Europe,1775–1815 536
Society and the Enlightenment 494
Choice Olympe de Gouges Becomes a
The New World of Reading 494
Revolutionary 538
Enlightenment Sociability 497
Introduction 539
The Enlightenment and Politics 497
From Crisis to Constitution, 1775–1789 539
Enlightenment Debates 498
The French Monarchy in Crisis 540
Europeans and Non-Europeans 499
The Estates-General 541
Slavery 500
Trouble in Paris, Trouble in the Countryside,
Men and Women 501 Trouble in Versailles 543
Summary 503 The Constitutional Monarchy, 1789–1792 545
Echo Coffeehouses 504 The New Constitution 546
Voice Olympe de Gouges Asserts the Rights of
Chapter 18 Trade and Empire,1700–1800 506 Women 548
The Break with the Catholic Church 549
Choice Samuel Gamble Sets Out from London on
aSlaving Voyage 508 Foreign Intervention 550
Introduction 509 The Republic and the Reign of Terror, 1792–1795 551
Economic Recovery 509 The End of Monarchy and Monarchs 551
The Expanding Population of Europe 510 Foreign War and Civil War 552
The World of Work 512 The Republic of Virtue 553
Changing Notions of Wealth 513 The Rise of Napoleon, 1794–1804 555
The Consumer Revolution 515 French Expansion 556
London 516 Order and Administration 557
The Napoleonic Code 558
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Contents ix
The Napoleonic Empire, 1804–1815 559 The Revolution in Transportation 601 1
Renewed War on the Continent 559 The Social Impacts of Industrialization 603 2
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The Austrian War of Liberation and the French Voice Friedrich Engels Describes the Condition of
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Invasion of Russia 562 theWorking Class in England 603
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Europe’s Defeat of Napoleon 563 The Middle Classes 606
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Summary 564 AVariety of Middle Classes 606 7
Echo “Left” and “Right” 564 Middle-Class Culture 607 8
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The Middle-Class Home 609
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Chapter 20 Restoration and Reform: Working Classes 611
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Conservative and Liberal Europe, Diversity Within the Working Class 611 12
1814–1847 566 Working Families 612 13
Choice The Grimm Brothers Begin Work on Their Working-Class Consciousness and Trade 14
German Dictionary 568 Unionism 614 15
Introduction 569 Critics of Industrialization 615 16
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The Old Order and New Challenges 569 Poverty in Industrial Cities 615
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The Congress of Vienna 570 Early Socialists 616 19
The Congress System 572 Karl Marx 618 20
The Age of Romanticism 573 Summary 620 21
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The Beginnings of Modern Ideology 576 Echo Standardized Time 620
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Conservatism 577
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Liberalism 578 Chapter 22 The Triumph of the Nation-State, 25
Nationalism 579 1848–1900 622 26
Voice Jacob Grimm Writes a Foreword to the Choice Theodor Herzl Creates Modern Zionism 624 27
GermanDictionary 581 28
Introduction 625
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Political Pressures on the Continent 582
The Revolutions of 1848 625 30
Restoration and Liberal Revolt in France 582
The Tide of Revolution 626 31
Nationalist Movements in Belgium, Italy, and 32
The Restoration of Authority 628
Germany 583 33
1848 As a Watershed Year 629
National Liberation Movements in the Balkans 585 34
New Nation-States and Nationalist Tensions 631 35
Autocracy in Russia 587
The Unification of Italy 631 36
Reform in Great Britain 588
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The Unification of Germany 632
Conservative Domination and Reform 589 38
Nations Seeking States 636
The Reform Bill of 1832 and the Abolition Act of 39
1833 589 National Identity in the United States 638 40
The Repeal of the Corn Laws 590 The Expanding Role of the State 640 41
The Chartist Movement and the Factory Acts 591 Mass Politics and Nation Building 640 42
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Summary 592 Education and the Nation-State 642
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Echo Frankenstein 593 The Growing Power of the State 643 45
Nationalism and Its Opponents 644 46
Integral Nationalism, Racism, Antisemitism, 47
Chapter 21 Industrialization and Society,
Zionism 644 48
1800–1850 594
Voice Theodor Herzl Speculates on the Impact of 49
Choice Friedrich Engels Denounces Capitalist Jewish Immigration to Palestine 645 50
Exploitation 596 51
Strains in the Multinational Empires 647
Introduction 597 52
Universalism in the Roman Catholic Church 650
The Spread of Industrialization 598 53 S
Internationalism in Politics 650 54 R
Industrialization on the Continent 598
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