Making Diplomacy Work: Intelligent Innovation for the Modern World

416 Pages·2015·4.981 MB·English

by  Paul Webster Hare

Making Diplomacy Work
To my wife, Lynda—my inspiration in diplomacy and everything else
Making Diplomacy Work
Intelligent Innovation for the Modern World
Paul Webster Hare
Boston University
A must-have volume for any student of diplomacy.
For inFormation: Copyright  2016 by CQ Press
CQ Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
an imprint of SaGE Publications, inc. utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
2455 teller road including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
thousand oaks, California 91320
from the publisher.
E-mail: [email protected]
SaGE Publications Ltd.
1 oliver’s Yard
55 City road
London EC1Y 1SP Printed in the United States of America
United Kingdom
A catalog record of this book is available at the Library of
Congress.
SaGE Publications india Pvt. Ltd.
B 1/i 1 mohan Cooperative industrial area
ISBN: 9781452276489
mathura road, new Delhi 110 044
india
SaGE Publications asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
3 Church Street
#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
acquisitions Editor: Sarah Calabi
associate Editor: nancy Loh
Editorial assistant: raquel Christie
Production Editors: natalie Cannon and
Veronica Stapleton Hooper
Copy Editor: Cathy Kottwitz
typesetter: C&m Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader: Dennis W. Webb
indexer: molly Hall
Cover Designer: Karine Hovsepian
marketing manager: amy Whitaker 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
T a b l e o f
C o nTe nT s
Preface x
Acknowledgments xiii
Publisher’s Acknowledgments xiv
Introduction xv
About the Author xxi
1. Diplomacy in History 1
The Building Blocks of Modern Diplomacy 2
Diplomacy and Collective Action 5
Revolutions, Wars, and the Changing World 7
States and Leaders Decline 11
Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 13
Suggestions for Further Reading 14
2. Who Are the Diplomats and How Do They Operate? 15
The Evolution of the Diplomatic Cadre 15
The Use of Intelligence 18
Professionals or Politicians? 19
Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities 21
The VCDR and VCCR 24
What Is Changing in Diplomats’ Behavior? 32
Diplomatic Asylum 33
Case Study 34
And Personally 36
Suggestions for Further Reading 37
3. The Institutions of Bilateral Diplomacy:
Precedence, Protocol, Ministries, Embassies 38
Ministries 38
The Modern Ministry of Foreign Affairs 41
Examples of Ministries of Foreign Affairs in Action 43
v
vi Table of ConTenTs
Roles of Embassies and Consulates 49
Embassies Losing Their Grip? 52
How Are Embassies Staffed? 53
New and Old Tasks 55
Competition 56
The Future of Diplomatic Missions 58
Case Study: How Embassies Operate 59
Nevertheless Essential 62
Suggestions for Further Reading 62
4. The Institutions of Multilateral Diplomacy 63
The United Nations 65
The Charter of the United Nations 66
The Organs of the UN 68
The Security Council 69
ECOSOC 74
International Court of Justice 75
The UN Secretariat 76
Diplomats and the UN 76
The UN’s Development 77
Different Worlds: Different UN 96
Case Study: The UN Charter and the UNSCR—
The Iraq Crises of 1990 to 1991 and 2003 98
Suggestions for Further Reading 106
5. Regional Diplomacy, Summits,
and the Gs 107
The Nonaligned Movement 107
The European Union 108
The EU and Domestic Policies 112
The EU Institutions: A Modern Crisis of Supranational
Diplomacy? 115
Is Accountability a Part of the EU? 117
The EU’s Success in Diplomacy 118
The EU as a Diplomatic Service 120
EU Case Studies 123
The EU Balance Sheet 124
The African Union 125
ASEAN 127
Latin America 130
Other Regions 132
Other Groups 133
Summits and the Gs 135
Table of Contents vii
Innovation from Groups 137
Issue Groups 138
Suggestions for Further Reading 138
6. Negotiations 139
Framing an Issue 140
The Raw Material of Diplomatic Negotiations 140
Culture 142
Elements Required for Success: Prenegotiations 144
Mediation 146
Strategy and Progress 147
Case Study: The INF Negotiation 1980 to 1987 148
Continuous Negotiation 150
Case Study: Negotiation in Cuba 151
Conclusion 152
Suggestions for Further Reading 152
7. Public Diplomacy 153
Public Diplomacy in the Past 153
Propaganda? 155
Public Diplomacy for Today’s World 157
Effective Public Diplomacy 159
Public Diplomacy in Practice 162
Conclusions and Case Studies 173
Case Study: The Shanghai World Expo 2010 174
Unlimited Ideas 176
Suggestions for Further Reading 178
8. Public Goods: Treaties and International Law 179
Treaties 179
Laws, Rules, and Diplomacy 182
War and Its Rules 182
The United Nations 185
Genocide 186
Terrorism 187
Human Rights 189
Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons 191
Climate Change 194
World Trade/World Finance 196
Diplomacy and Law: The Problem of Enforcement and
Implementation 200
Conclusion 205
Suggestions for Further Reading 206
viii Table of ConTenTs
9. The New Diplomatic Agenda: The
Challenges for Diplomatic Reform 207
Why Reform? 207
Diplomatic Priorities 209
The New Agenda: Corruption 218
Decline of Sovereign States 220
The New Agenda? Diplomacy Steps Up 222
Diplomatic Reform 223
Development Assistance in the Diplomatic Agenda 239
Case Study of the New Agenda: Nation Building
in Afghanistan 248
Conclusion 254
Suggestions for Further Reading 254
10. The Nonstate Actors: Global Citizens
and Global Diplomacy 255
The Globalization of Identity: The
International Community? 256
The Nonstate Actors 257
Global Citizens? 258
States and Nonstates in Diplomacy 263
Beyond States: The Nonstate Advantage? 264
The Battle of Ideas: States versus Nonstates? 268
Common Need: Common Reform 277
Case Study: Haiti and the Earthquake—State and
Nonstate, the Republic of NGOs, the Alms Merchants 281
Haiti and Rwanda 286
Conclusion 287
Suggestions for Further Reading 288
11. The Continuing Information and Communication
Revolution: Awaiting the Response of Diplomacy 289
The ICR and E-Diplomacy 289
International Chatter 296
The ICR and a Shrinking World 296
Diplomacy and the Apps 298
Oh—And What about Radio and Television? 299
Global Governance of the ICR 301
The Positives and Negatives for Diplomacy:
Communication Unlocks Potential
and Produces New Weapons 305
Communication: It’s a Small World—The Global
Whistle-Blower and Global Activism 309
Table of Contents ix
Conclusion 310
Suggestions for Further Reading 311
12. Diplomacy in 2025 312
Diplomacy in 1945 312
The Reassertion of Diplomacy 313
Diplomacy Still Valid for 2025 314
Looking at the Future: The Issue of Stovepipes 315
Complex Issues or Inadequate Diplomacy? 318
The Forums for Discussion 320
Permanent Crises 320
Future Crises 322
Intelligent, Versatile, Resourceful: The Diplomat in 2025 323
Suggestions for Further Reading 324
13. Diplomacy for the Ages: Intelligent Innovation
for the Modern World 325
Fifteen Ideas to Raise Diplomacy’s Batting Average 328
Final Thoughts 336
Notes and References 338
Index 358