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The Urban Book Series Vishwa Raj Sharma · Chandrakanta Editors Making Cities Resilient The Urban Book Series Series Advisory Editors Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian, University College London, London, UK Michael Batty, University College London, London, UK Simin Davoudi, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Andrew Kirby, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA Karl Kropf, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Karen Lucas, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Marco Maretto, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Fabian Neuhaus, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Vítor Oliveira, Porto University, Porto, Portugal Christopher Silver, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Giuseppe Strappa, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Igor Vojnovic, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA Jeremy Whitehand, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Aims and Scope The Urban Book Series is a resource for urban studies and geography research worldwide.Itprovidesauniqueandinnovativeresourceforthelatestdevelopments in the field, nurturing a comprehensive and encompassing publication venue for urban studies, urban geography, planning and regional development. The series publishes peer-reviewed volumes related to urbanization, sustainabil- ity, urban environments, sustainable urbanism, governance, globalization, urban and sustainable development, spatial and area studies, urban management, urban infrastructure, urban dynamics, green cities and urban landscapes. It also invites research which documents urbanization processes and urban dynamics on a national, regional and local level, welcoming case studies, as well as comparative and applied research. The series will appeal to urbanists, geographers, planners, engineers, architects, policy makers, and to all of those interested in a wide-ranging overview of contemporary urban studies and innovations in the field. It accepts monographs, edited volumes and textbooks. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14773 Vishwa Raj Sharma Chandrakanta (cid:129) Editors Making Cities Resilient 123 Editors Vishwa RajSharma Chandrakanta Department ofGeography Department ofGeography Shaheed BhagatSinghCollege Shaheed BhagatSinghCollege University of Delhi University of Delhi NewDelhi, Delhi, India NewDelhi, Delhi, India ISSN 2365-757X ISSN 2365-7588 (electronic) TheUrban Book Series ISBN978-3-319-94931-4 ISBN978-3-319-94932-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94932-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018946607 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword by Prof. Aslam Mahmood It gives me immense pleasure to extend my heartfelt greetings to Dr. Vishwa Raj SharmaandDr.Chadrakanta andtheireditedbook,MakingCities Resilient.Cities indevelopingcountriestodayfaceunprecedentedcrisesofunsustainableecological balance. The increasing burden of population on infrastructure, uneven urban development,deterioratingCentralBusinessDistrict(CBD),trafficcongestion,and emerging heat island are some immediate problems deserving the attention of planners and administrators alike. Urban centres of any country are the engines of economic and social development of the society and serve as “growth poles” of the economy. Specially, in developing countries, every day a never-ending stream of migrants from different parts of the country arrive at these urban centres in search of employment, edu- cation, training, better quality of life, health care, etc. Urban centres are the last hope of many people under distress and facing different types of social, political, and economic hardship. Creating urban systems that meet a society’s particular requirements is one of the important objectives of any planning exercise. Monitoring the functioning of the country’s urban system and identifying the bottlenecksinservingasociety’ssocio-economicneedswillhelp inachievingthis objectiveinabetterway.Ihopethatthisbookwillthrowlightonvariousaspectsin this direction and will provide important recommendations through which Indian cities can be made more resilient and smart. I wish the authors and their forthcoming book huge success! New Delhi, India Prof. Aslam Mahmood Former Professor Centre for the Study of Regional Development Jawaharlal Nehru University v Foreword by Prof. Saraswati Raju Cities offer intertwined experiences ranging from polluting locations to being loci of popular and ancient cultures. At times they are at the crossroads of innovation and new ideas. All of them, however, strive to create sustainable development goals. I believe that different aspects of urban issues and problems are highlighted succinctlythroughthiseditedbook.Inaddition,implementingstrategiesintermsof integrated urban planning is highlighted for the further research. Icongratulate authorswho havecontributed inthis volume. Special praise goes to the editors for their painstaking efforts in putting this book together. My best wishes are with them. New Delhi, India Prof. Saraswati Raju Former Professor Centre for the Study of Regional Development Jawaharlal Nehru University vii Foreword by Prof. R. B. Singh I am pleased to know that my colleagues, Dr. Vishwa Raj Sharma and Dr.Chandrakanta—fromShaheedBhagatSinghCollege,UniversityofDelhi,New Delhi—have edited a book with the focal theme of making cities resilient. Geography studies the characteristics of space and place. Thus, geographers identifyandanalyzethespatialpatternsofhuman‒environmentrelationsthatshape our lives and our society. This book attempts to understand urban land use/land cover and their related challenges as well as put forward a probable solution to make the cities resilient. Thecurrentyear,2018,isactuallyagreatyeartostartavolumeoncitiesbecause we are not only status post-HABITAT III, but the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 set the stage for the next 15 years of global development.Allofthedifferentgoalsapplytocities,andgoalnumber11isaboutcities especially:“Makecitiesinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable.”Geographersask relevant questions in order to understand human responses. The discipline of Geographypromotestrans-disciplinaryresearchincorporatingco-designprocesses, facilitating community engagement with and the involvement of different societal stakeholders, together with developing scientific networks under a science‒policy interface. ix x ForewordbyProf.R.B.Singh On behalf of the International Geographical Union, I welcome the idea of a compilation of unique research papers on contemporary urban issues. The volume includes approximately two dozen research papers. The future research initiatives forsmartcitiesmustbeappropriate,indigenous,andorientedtowarde-governance andcreatingsolutions.Theoutcomesofresearchpapersintendtoprovideguidance for solutions-oriented research to meet the global societal challenges identified in theInternationalCouncilforScience’s(ICSU)FutureEarth2025Visioningeneral and the ICSU’s Programme on Urban Health and Wellbeing in particular. Future Earth Vision tries to explore new ways and paths to achieve cities’ resilience. There exist wide gaps between academic communities and policy-making bodies. Researchers should try to bridge such gaps. The thrust area of the current volumeaddressesthecriticalknowledgegapsindiversesocietalset-ups.Ithelpsto identifythesociocultural,economic,institutional,andpoliticalbarriers—aswellas the opportunities and mechanisms—to promote balance between needs, desires, growth, development, and urban planning. I wish both editors, and the book, great success. New Delhi, India Prof. R. B. Singh Member, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics‒ International Geographical Union Joint National Committee, Indian National Science Academy Member, InterAcademy Partnership‒Global Network of Science Academies Working Group for Statement on Disaster Risk Reduction Vice President, International Geographical Union Member, International Council for Science Scientific Committee‒ Urban Health and Wellbeing Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics University of Delhi [email protected] Preface As our world has transformed, so have our urban areas. Today, cities are home to 54%oftheworld’spopulation,andbythemiddleofthiscenturythatfigurewould increase to 66%. Millions of people globally are moving to cities every year. The world has 23 mega cities, with Asia having 13 of them. The number of such mega-cities is expected to increase rapidly by 2025, with Asia contributing the greatest proportion. Therefore, the twenty-first century is being called the “Asian Urban Century.” By 2020, of the world’s 4.2 billion urban population, approximately 2.2 billion will live in Asia. China and India will contribute 31.3% of the total world urban population by 2025. Asian mega-cities are experiencing unsus- tainable and unplanned growth and its negative consequences, such as haphazard urban expansion, deteriorating inner-city infrastructure, traffic congestion, urban heatisland,andmicro-climatechange.Mega-citiesinIndiasufferwithproblems— like a lack of basic amenities such as housing, water, electricity, sewerage, etc.— related to slums. Of the total estimated slum population (505.5 million) in Asia, India hosts a large share. The United Nation Programme, Making Cities Resilient, focusesonmitigatingthedisasterriskinurbanareas.Programmeslaunchedbythe Government of India to make cities more resilient include Digital India, Make in India, and Smart City Mission together with corporate social responsibility syn- chronizingtheglobalizationofIndianmetropolitancities.However,inrecentyears disaster and health risks in Indian cities have become the major challenging tasks for urban governance. Because they are powerhouses of economic growth and catalysts for inclusion and innovation, cities face major problems ranging from poverty to pollution, thus raising a call to focus on the upcoming challenges in different cities in the years ahead.Alongwithvision,planning,andfinancing,citiescanhelpprovidesolutions fortheworld.Inthisspirit,MakingCitiesResilient,aneditedbook,isacompilation of selected papers focusing on different challenges and prospects of cities with a special focus on Indian cities and three case studies from Japan, Poland and Singapore. xi

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As the world has transformed, so have cities. Today, cities are home to 54 percent of the world’s population, and by the middle of this century that figure will likely rise to 66 percent. According to the United Nations (UN) Habitat I (1972), Habitat II (1996) and Habitat III (2016) summits, citie