Description:This book deals with fundamental questions relating to outstanding changes in Jewish Intellectual history from the time of the Bible to the present. These questions include the following: How did Israel evolve from being a people which oscillated to and from belief in one God to exclusive monotheism? Which circumstances led to the transition among the Jews in the Roman empire from being a militant, state-based people to being a pacifist, scripture-based people? Which social forces attracted the Jews under medieval Islamic rule to secular life and identity? How did emancipation after the American and French revolutions lead to the end of rabbinic dominance? How did nationalism transform modern Jewish life and culture?