Maintenance and Operation of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems

270 Pages·1998·16.69 MB·English

ABSTRACT
sihT launam si a ediug rof ,sreenigne ,srennalp ecnanetniam ,srosivrepus dnalla
maintenance personnel involved in the operation, inspection, troubleshooting,
,riaper dna ecnanetniam fo ciatlovotohp ralos( )cirtcele .smetsys ehT launam si
dengised ot eb desu ni eht dleif yb eht lennosrep gnimrofrep eht lautca,noitcepsni
,ecnanetniam ro riaper fo ralos rewop.smetsys
ECITON
ehT noitaraperp fo siht launam saw derosnops yb eht detinU setatS.tnemnrevoG
rehtieN eht detinU ,setatS ron eht detinU setatS tnemtrapeD fo ,esnefeD ron ynafo
rieht ,seeyolpme ron yna fo rieht ,srotcartnoc ,srotcartnocbus ro rieht,seeyolpme
makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or
,ytilibisnopser rof eht ,ycarucca ,ssenetelpmoc ro ssenlufesu fo yna ,noitamrofni
,sutarappa ,tcudorp ro ssecorp ,desolcsid ro stneserper taht sti esu dluow ton
egnirfni yletavirp denwo.sthgir
ehT secitcarp dna serudecorp detneserp ni siht launam era snoitadnemmocerylno
dna od ton edesrepus yna elbacilppa ,lacol etats ro lanoitan ,gnidliub ,lacirtcele
gnibmulp ro rehto edoc .stnemeriuqer ehT redaer si elbisnopser rof gninimretedeht
elbacilppa edoc stnemeriuqer dna gniniamer ni ecnailpmoc htiw.meht
MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION
OF
STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
A Publication of the
CIATLOVOTOHP NGISED ECNATSISSARETNEC
Sandia National Laboratories
,euqreuqublA MN 0085-58178
derosnopS:yb .S.U tnemtrapeD foesnefeD
ciatlovotohP weiveReettimmoC
eciffO fo eht yraterceS foesnefeD
lanigirO troper deraperp:rof .SU lavaN seitilicaF gnireenignEdnammoC
nrehtuoSnoisiviD
5512 elgaEevirD
,notselrahC CS 8600-11492
desiveR troper deraperp:rof .S.U ymrA noitcurtsnoCgnireenignE
hcraeseRyrotarobaL
,ngiapmahC sionillI 5031-02816
deraperP:yb larutcetihcrA ygrenEnoitaroproC
0452 reitnorF ,eunevA etiuS102
,redluoB odaroloC10308
)303(9414-444
STNEMGDELWONKCA
This manual was written in 1989 by Architectural Energy Corporation, under
tcartnoc ot eht detinU setatS lavaN seitilicaF gnireenignE ,dnammoC nrehtuoS
.noisiviD tI saw desiver dna detadpu yb larutcetihcrA ygrenE noitaroproC ni ehtllaf
of 1991, under contract to the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research
.yrotarobaL eW hsiw ot egdelwonkca eht troppus dna lacinhcet ecnatsissa fo.rM
Stacy Hull, NAVFAC Southern Division, Franco La Greca and Harley Dodge,
CAFVAN nrehtroN ,noisiviD dna htoR ,yecuD .S.U .LREC/ymrA eW osla hsiw ot
acknowledge the technical assistance provided by Lee Humble, Naval Energy
margorP ;eciffO evetS ,notgnirraH hcetK ;noitaroproC ynnhoJ ssieW dna evetS
,yenraCcM etairporppA ygolonhceT ;setaicossA dna miJ ,hcleW etomeR ,rewoPni
gniweiver suoirav stfard fo eht .launam A laiceps sknaht dna tnemgdelwonkcaseog
to the many companies that provided photographs, illustrations, and technical
lairetam desu ni eht.launam
larutcetihcrA ygrenE noitaroproC ffats elbisnopser rof eht ,hcraeser ,gnitirwcihparg
,ngised ,tuoyal ,gnidaerfoorp dna ydaer-aremac noitcudorp edulcni hplaR ,onivaT
Michael Holtz, Peter Jacobs, John Browne, Chris Mack, Susan Hollingsworth-
,rekceB adniL ,kwaH-ohcE dna ycnaN.sedaohR
iv
ECAFERP
This document was prepared for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD)
sciatlovotohP weiveR eettimmoC sa trap fo sti stroffe ot mrofni yratilim lennosrepfo
eht setubirtta fo sciatlovotohp )VP( rof yratilim .snoitacilppa ehT dednetniecneidua
for this manual is engineers, planners, maintenance supervisors, and all
ecnanetniam lennosrep devlovni ni eht ,noitarepo ,noitcepsni ,gnitoohselbuort,riaper
dna ecnanetniam fo enola-dnats sciatlovotohp .smetsys ehT launam si dengisedot
eb desu ni eht dleif yb eht lennosrep gnimrofrep eht lautca ,noitcepsni,ecnanetniam
ro riaper fo ralos rewop.smetsys
ehT DOD ciatlovotohP weiveR eettimmoC si desirpmoc:fo
.rM lyraG ,htimSnamriahC
lavaN snopaeW edoC-retneC1A20
anihC ,ekaL AC1006-55539
)916( 939 1143 .txe522
.rM htoRyecuD
.S.U ymrA -LREC
.O.P xoB5004
,ngiapmahC LI 5031-02816
)008( 278 5732 .txe576
.rM eeLelbmuH
lavaN snopaeW edoC-retneC1A20
anihC ,ekaL AC1006-55539
)916( 939 1143 .txe522
.rM yrraLrehtortS
riA ecroF liviC gnireenignE troppuSycnegA
AFCEFA/ENE
eladnyT ,BFA LF1006-30423
)409( 3824536
This manual was prepared by Architectural Energy Corporation of Boulder,
.odaroloC ehT tcejorp saw yltnioj dednuf yb eht .S.U lavaN seitilicaFgnireenignE
Command, Southern Division and the U.S. Army Construction Engineering
hcraeseR,yrotarobaL noitacilbuP dna noitubirtsid ecnatsissa saw dedivorp ybeht
ciatlovotohP ngiseD ecnatsissA retneC fo aidnaS lanoitaN.seirotarobaL
v
Communications Repeater Station
s’etihWkaeP
amuY gnivorP ,sdnuorGanozirA
vi
ELBAT FSOTNETNOC
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Purpose of This Manua l . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Scope of This Manua l . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1 woH ot esU sihT aunaM l . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 weiveR fo launaMerutcurtS . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 User Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.3.1 tsriF egaP fo hcaEretpahC . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.4 Record Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.3.1 ydutS-fleS snoitseuQ . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.6 Appendice s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
7.3.1 ,setoN snoituaC dnagninraW s . . . . . . . . 3
8.3.1 retpahC dna egaPamroF t . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.9 Figures and Table s . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.0 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 ciatlovotohP ticirtcelE y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Impact of Load . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.3 DC Electricit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.2 detimiL-tnerruCetsyS m . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1.2 woL egatloV seoD toN naeMsensselmraH s . . 7
2.1.6 Voltage Drops . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7.1.2 tcennocsiD/tcennoC ecneuqeS s . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Basic System Configuration s . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.2 tceriD tceriD( )delpuoC CDmetsyS . . . . . . 9
2.2.2 rewoP tnioP gnikcarT CDetsyS m . . . . . . . . 1 0
3.2.2 detalugeR-fleS CD etsyS m . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.4 Regulated DC Syste m . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.5 Direct AC Syste m . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.6 AC System with Storag e . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.7 Mixed AC/DC Syste m . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
v i i
3.2 tnenopmoCoitarepO n . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2 ciatlovotohPslleC . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 ciatlovotohP seludoM . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.2 gnibircseD ciatlovotohP eludoMecnamrofreP . 18
4.3.2 ciatlovotohPsyarrA . . . . . . . . 24
5.3.2 eludoM tliT dnanoitatneirO . . . . . . 39
4.2 lacipyTsnoitacilppA . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.4.2 CDsdaoL . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.2 CAsdaoL . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.2 metsyS tnenopmoCnoitarepO . . . . . . . . 44
1.5.2 yrettaB dna rehtOgarotS e . . . . . . . 44
2.5.2 egrahCrellortnoC s . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5.3 Inverter s . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.5.2 CD ot CDsretrevnoC . . . . . . . . 79
5.5.2 rewoP tnioPsrekcarT . . . . . . . . 08
6.5.2 tnednepednI gnirotinoMmetsyS s . . . . . 08
7.5.2 gniriW dnagnidnuorG . . . . . . . . 18
6.2 snoitseuQ rofdutS-fleS y . . . . . . . . . . 68
0.3 noitcepsnI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.3 noitcepsnI serudecorP . . . . . . . . . . 8 9
1.1.3 lareneG . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9
2.1.3 metsySsreteM . . . . . . . . . . 9 0
3.1.3 elbatroPgnireteM . . . . . . . . . 94
4.1.3 tcennocsiD sehctiwS dna sesuF . . . . . 94
5.1.3 metsySgniriW . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.1.3 egrahCrellortnoC s . . . . . . . . . 95
7.1.3 eirettaB s . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.1.3 yarrA s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.1.3 CDsdaoL . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.1.10 Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . 114
11.1.3 CAsdaoL . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.3 elpmaS noitcepsnI droceRsteehS . . . . . . . 115
1.2.3 serudecorP . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.2.3 droceR fo evitatilauQnoitamrofnI . . . . . 115
3.2.3 droceR fo evitatitnauQnoitamrofnI . . . . 115
4.2.3 evaS htiw rehtO metsySnoitatnemucoD . . . 115
3.3 snoitseuQ rof dutS-fleS y . . . . . . . . . . . 123
0.4 gnitoohselbuorT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
1.4 gnitoohselbuorT dohteM s . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.1 Plannin g . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.1.4 noissimreP ot tcennocsiD lacitirCsdaoL . . . 126
v i i i
3.1.4 gnikcehC . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.1.4 keeS ,esuaC tonmotpmyS . . . . . . . 126
5.1.4 t’noD potS htiw enOmelborP . . . . . . 127
6.1.4 gnitseT decalpeRstnenopmoC . . . . . 127
7.1.4 gnipeeKsdroceR . . . . . . . . . 127
2.4 gnitoohselbuorTselbaT . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.4 gnitoohselbuorT serudecorP . . . . . . . . . 137
1.3.4 metsyS ,gniriW ,sehctiwS dnasesuF . . . . 137
2.3.4 sdaoL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.3.4 seirettaB . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.3.4 egrahCsrellortnoC . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.4 sretrevnl . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.3.6 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.4 gnitoohselbuorTsdroceR . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.4 snoitseuQ rofydutS-fleS . . . . . . . . . . 150
0.5 riapeR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
1.5 riapeR dnatnemecalpeR . . . . . . . . . . 351
1.1.5 noissimreP ot tcennocsiD lacitirCsdaoL . . . 351
2.1.5 gniriW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
3.1.5 seludoM . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
4.1.5 gnitnuoMsmetsyS . . . . . . . . . 751
5.1.5 gnidnuorGsmetsyS . . . . . . . . . 751
6.1.5 seirettaB . . . . . . . . . . . . 061
7.1.5 egrahCsrellortnoC . . . . . . . . . 461
8.1.5 sretrevnl . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
9.1.5 sdaoL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
2.5 elpmaS riapeR droceRteehS . . . . . . . . 170
3.5 snoitseuQ rofydutS-fleS . . . . . . . . . . 271
0.6 ecnanetniaM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
1.6 ecnanetniaM erudecorP s . . . . . . . . . . 571
1.1.6 noissimreP ot tcennocsiD lacitirCdaoL s . . . 571
2.1.6 gniludehcS ecnanetniaM . . . . . . . 671
3.1.6 metsyS sreteM dnatuodaeR s . . . . . . 671
4.1.6 elbatroPgnireteM . . . . . . . . . 671
5.1.6 egrahCrellortnoC s . . . . . . . . . 871
6.1.6 metsySgniriW . . . . . . . . . . 971
7.1.6 eirettaB s . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
6.1.8 Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.1.6 daoL s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
01.1.6retrevnl s . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
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TSIL FOSERUGIF
erugiF:1-2 trohS stiucriC ni CA stiucriC dna ciatlovotohPeludoM
Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
erugiF:2-2 egatloV porD ni a ciatlovotohPmetsyS . . . . .. 8
eru:g3i-F2 yrettaB lanimreT noitcennoC ecneuqeS . . . . . .. 9
erugiF:4-2 tceriD CDmetsyS . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
erugiF:5-2 Power Point Tracking DC System . . . . . . .. 10
erugiF:6-2 Self-Regulated DC System . . . . . . . . .. 11
erugiF:7-2 Regulated DC System . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
erugiF:8-2 tceriD CAmetsyS . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
erugiF:9-2 CA metsyS htiwegarotS . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
Figure 2-10: Mixed AC/DC System . . . . . . . . . .. 13
erugiF:11-2 Single-Crystal Silicon Cells . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Figure 2-12: Operation of a Photovoltaic Cell . . . . . . . .. 14
Figure 2-13: Polycrystalline Silicon Cells . . . . . . . . .. 51
Figure 2-14: An Amorphous Silicon Module . . . . . . . .. 16
Figure 2-15: A Photovoltaic Module . . . . . . . . . .. 17
erugiF :61-2 A lacipyT egatloV-tnerruCevruC . . . . . . . .. 19
erugiF :71-2 A lacipyT egatloV-tnerruC evruC ta enOnuS
dna flaH-enOnuS . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
erugiF :81-2 A lacipyT egatloV-tnerruC evruC rof nadedahsnU
eludoM dna rof a eludoM htiw enO dedahSlleC . . .. 21
erugiF :91-2 A lacipyT egatloV-tnerruC evruC rof aeludoM
at 25°C (77°F) and 85°C (185°F) . . . . . .. 22
erugiF :02-2 gnitarepO segatloV gniruD a yrettaB gnigrahCelcyC . .. 22
erugiF 12-2 : eerhT seludoM detcennoC nilellaraP . . . . . .. 24
Figure 2-22: Basic Operation of a Diode . . . . . . . .. 25
erugiF :32-2 eerhT seludoM detcennoC ni seireS htiwa
Blocking Diode and Bypass Diodes . . . . . . .. 26
erugiF :42-2 evlewT seludoM ni a seireS-lellaraPyarrA
with Bypass Diodes and Isolation Diodes . . . . .. 26
erugiF :52-2 elbatsujdA yarrA detliT rof remmuS dnaretniW
Solar Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
Figure 2-26: Personal Photovoltaic Array . . . . . . . . .. 28
Figure 2-27: Portable Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . .. 28
erugiF :82-2 enO sixA dna owT sixA gnikcarTsyarrA . . . . . .. 29
erugiF :92-2 ciatlovotohP slleC desU sa raloS noitatneirOrosneS . . .. 30
erugiF :03-2 tnerruC wolF htiw htoB seludoM ni lauqEthgilnuS . . .. 31
erugiF :13-2 tnerruC wolF htiw enO eludoM dedahS . . . . . .. 31
erugiF :23-2 tnerruC wolF htiw eht rehtO eludoMdedahS . . . . . .. 31
erugiF :33-2 NUS ™REKEES metsyS tuohtiwseludoM . . . . . .. 32
Figure 2-34: Solar Track Rack™ without Modules . . . . . .. 33
erugiF :53-2 raloS kcarT ™kcaR htiw seludoMdetnuoM . . . . . .. 33
erugiF :63-2 srotcelfeR no a dexiF ciatlovotohP yarrA . . . . . .. 34
xi