Table Of Content

FrederickW.Menk andColinL.Waters Magnetoseismology RelatedTitles Guest,G. ElectronCyclotronHeatingofPlasmas 264pageswithapprox.40figures 2009 Hardcover ISBN:978-3-527-40916-7 Blaunstein,N.,Christodoulou,C. RadioPropagationandAdaptiveAntennas forWirelessCommunicationLinks Terrestrial,AtmosphericandIonospheric 614pages 2006 Hardcover ISBN:978-0-471-25121-7 Bohren,C.F.,Clothiaux,E.E. FundamentalsofAtmosphericRadiation AnIntroductionwith400Problems 490pageswith184figures 2006 Softcover ISBN:978-3-527-40503-9 Hippler,R.,Pfau,S.,Schmidt,M. LowTemperaturePlasmaPhysics FundamentalAspectsandApplications 523pageswith244figuresand23tables 2001 Hardcover ISBN:978-3-527-28887-8 Smirnov,B.M. PhysicsofIonizedGases 398pages 2001 Hardcover ISBN:978-0-471-17594-0 Frederick W. Menk and Colin L. Waters Magnetoseismology ’ Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Earth s Magnetosphere TheAuthors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and Prof.FrederickW.Menkand publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained Prof.ColinL.Waters inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof SchoolofMathematicalandPhysicalSciences errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat TheUniversityofNewcastle statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor UniversityDrive otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. Callaghan NSW 2308 Australia LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe Cover BritishLibrary. Artist’sdepictionofgeomagneticfieldlines BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutsche mappingfromEarth’ssurfaceintothe Nationalbibliothek magnetosphere,wherecolorsrepresentmass TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis densityintheequatorialplane,whichinturn publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; determinestheresonantfrequencyofthese detailedbibliographicdataareavailableonthe fieldlines. Internet at < http:// dnb.d-nb.d e> . #2013Wiley-VCHVerlag&Co.KGaA,Boschstr. 12,69469Weinheim,Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationinto otherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmaybe reproducedinanyform–byphotoprinting, microfilm,oranyothermeans–nortransmittedor translatedintoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten permissionfromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennot specificallymarkedassuch,arenottobeconsidered unprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN: 978-3-527-41027-9 ePDFISBN: 978-3-527-65208-2 ePubISBN: 978-3-527-65207-5 mobiISBN: 978-3-527-65206-8 oBookISBN: 978-3-527-65205-1 Typesetting ThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintingandBinding MarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd, Singapore CoverDesign MatthewWaters Printedonacid-freepaper j V Contents Preface IX ColorPlates XI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 PurposeofThisBook 1 1.2 TheSolarWind 1 1.3 FluctuationsintheSolarWind 5 1.4 EarlyObservationsofGeomagneticVariations 7 1.5 PropertiesofGeomagneticVariations 8 2 TheMagnetosphereandIonosphere 13 2.1 TheGeomagneticField 13 2.2 StructureofEarth’sMagnetosphere 19 2.3 MagnetosphericCurrentSystems 24 2.3.1 MagnetopauseCurrent 24 2.3.2 TailCurrentandReconnection 24 2.3.3 RingCurrent 26 2.3.4 Field-AlignedCurrents 26 2.3.5 IonosphericCurrents 27 2.4 TheRadiationBelts 28 2.5 TheInnerMagnetosphere 30 2.6 FormationandPropertiesoftheIonosphere 33 2.7 GeomagneticDisturbances 38 2.8 SpaceWeatherEffects 42 3 ULFPlasmaWavesintheMagnetosphere 45 3.1 BasicPropertiesofaPlasma 45 3.2 ParticleMotions 47 3.2.1 MotionsofIsolatedChargedParticles 47 3.2.2 FirstAdiabaticInvariant 49 3.2.3 SecondAdiabaticInvariant 50 3.2.4 ThirdAdiabaticInvariant 51 j VI Contents 3.3 Low-FrequencyMagnetizedPlasmaWaves 52 3.3.1 EquationsofLinearMHD 53 3.3.2 TheWaveEquation 54 3.4 TheShearAlfv(cid:1)enModeinaDipoleMagneticField 54 3.4.1 ToroidalOscillationofFieldLines 54 3.5 MHDWaveModeCouplinginOneDimension 56 3.6 AnAlternativeDerivationofthePlasmaWaveEquation,from Electromagnetism 61 4 SourcesofULFWaves 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 ExogenicSources 65 4.3 BoundaryInstabilities 71 4.4 FieldLineResonances 74 4.5 CavityandWaveguideModes 79 4.6 SpatiallyLocalizedWaves 81 4.7 IonCyclotronWaves 84 5 TechniquesforDetectingFieldLineResonances 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 VariationinSpectralPowerwithLatitude 90 5.3 VariationofPhasewithLatitude 91 5.4 WavePolarizationProperties 92 5.5 SpectralPowerDifferenceandDivision 95 5.6 SingleStationH/D 95 5.7 Cross-PhasefromLatitudinallySeparatedSensors 98 5.8 UsingULFWavePolarizationProperties 100 5.9 AutomatedDetectionAlgorithms 103 6 Ground-BasedRemoteSensingoftheMagnetosphere 107 6.1 EstimatingPlasmaMassDensity 107 6.2 TravelTimeMethodofTamao 109 6.3 DeterminingElectronDensity 113 6.4 VerificationofGround-BasedMassDensityMeasurements 116 6.5 DeterminingIonConcentrations 121 6.6 Field-AlignedPlasmaDensity 122 6.7 PlasmaDensityatLowLatitudes 126 6.8 PlasmaDensityatHighLatitudes 128 7 SpaceWeatherApplications 133 7.1 MagnetosphericStructureandDensity 133 7.2 PlasmapauseDynamics 134 7.3 DensityNotches,Plumes,andRelatedFeatures 139 7.4 RefillingofthePlasmasphere 145 7.5 LongitudinalVariationinDensity 148 j Contents VII 7.6 SolarCycleVariationsinDensity 150 7.7 DeterminingtheOpen/ClosedFieldLineBoundary 152 7.8 DeterminingtheMagnetosphericTopologyatHighLatitudes 153 7.9 Wave–ParticleInteractions 155 7.10 RadialMotionsofFluxTubes 160 8 ULFWavesintheIonosphere 163 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 ElectrostaticandInductiveIonospheres 164 8.3 ULFWaveSolutionforaThinSheetIonosphere 167 8.4 ULFWaveSolutionforaRealisticIonosphere 171 8.5 FLRsandtheIonosphere 177 8.6 RemoteSensingULFElectricFieldsinSpace 181 8.7 Quarter-WaveModes 183 8.8 DetectionofULFWavesintheIonosphere 186 8.9 ConsequencesforRadioAstronomy 192 9 MagnetoseismologyatOtherPlanetsandStars 195 9.1 MagnetoseismologyatOtherPlanets 195 9.2 MagnetoseismologyoftheSolarCorona 198 9.3 IntroductiontoHelioseismologyandAsteroseismology 200 9.4 FieldLineResonancesatOtherStars 204 AppendixA 207 AppendixB 211 References 215 Index 243 j IX Preface Oneofthejoysasastudentwasbuildingandusingrelativelysimpleequipment– magnetometers and ionospheric sounders – to probe the region of space around Earthandgaininsightintoprocessesthere.Thisistheessenceofthisbook:remote sensing,mostlyusingground-basedinstrumentsandtechniques,tounderstandour space environment, the magnetosphere. This region dynamically links inter- planetary space with Earth’s atmosphere, and is where satellites orbit. The agents involved are ultralow-frequency plasma waves, since they propagate fromthesolarwindthroughthemagnetosphereandatmospheretotheground.These wavestransferenergyandmomentumandarenotonlyinvolvedinmanytypesof instabilitiesandinteractionsbutcanalsobeusedasadiagnosticmonitorofthese processes.Thisbookfocusesonthesecondaspectthroughunderstandingofthefirst. Withthemovetoonlinedataaccess,undergraduatestudentscanconductoriginal researchusingobservationsfromgroundarrays,radarnetworks,andsatellites.The magnetosphere is there for everyone to explore. This in turn provides wonderful insightintoalltherelevantphysics,fromthecyclesoftheSuntothenatureofthe geomagnetic field and the atmosphere, and exploring other planets. Thisbookfocusesontheunderlyingprinciplesandtheirinterconnectedness.We do not assume familiarity with physics or mathematics concepts beyond under- graduate level. Manypeoplehaveguidedourpersonaljourneys.Ourscientificmentorsinclude Brian Fraser, John Samson, Keith Cole, and Valerie Troitskaya. Other colleagues include Sean Ables, Brian Anderson, Mark Clilverd, Bob Lysak, Ian Mann, Pasha Ponomarenko, Murray Sciffer, Peter Sutcliffe, and Tim Yeoman. Many students taughtusatleastasmuchaswetaughtthem.Thedevelopmentofthismonograph waspatientlyandenthusiasticallyguidedbyoureditorsatWiley,NinaStadthausand ChristophFriedenburg.Ofcourse,thisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithout the continual support of our families and wives, who suffered in silence a great manyeveningswhilewedisappearedintoofficestopursueourarcaneendeavors. Newcastle, July 2012 Frederick W. Menk Colin L. Waters j XI Color Plates Figure1.1 CometHale–Bopp,showinga Cortina)atPassoGiau(2230m),Cortina whitedusttailandablueiontail,resultingfrom d’Amprezzo,Italy,March16,1997,03:42UT. theeffectofthesolarwindandentrained e-mail: [email protected], web: www. magneticfield.Source:AlessandroDimaiand cortinastelle.it - www.skyontheweb.org. (This DavideGhirardo(AssociazioneAstronomica figurealsoappearsonpage2.) j XII ColorPlates Figure2.3 MercatorprojectionofthetotalintensityFofthemaingeomagneticfieldcomputed usingthe2010WorldMagneticModel.Contourintervalis1000nT.FromMausetal.(2010).(This figurealsoappearsonpage17.) Figure2.5 Variationin(a)strengthand(b)locationoftheminimuminthetotalfield intensityFintheSouthAtlanticAnomalyregionduringthepastcentury.FromFinlayetal.(2010). (Thisfigurealsoappearsonpage18.)