Magnetism in Medicine

656 Pages·2007·13.647 MB·English

by  Wilfried Andra, Hannes Nowak

MagnetisminMedicine
Editedby
WilfriedAndra¨and
HannesNowak

Magnetism in Medicine
A Handbook
Edited by
Wilfried Andra¨ and Hannes Nowak
Second, Completely Revised and Extended Edition
TheEditors 9 AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
Prof.Dr.WilfriedAndra¨ publisherdonotwarranttheinformation
Kernbergstrasse39 containedinthesebooks,includingthisbook,
07749Jena tobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeep
Germany inmindthatstatements,data,illustrations,
proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmay
Dr.HannesNowak inadvertentlybeinaccurate.
BiomagneticCenter
DepartmentofNeurology LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
FriedrichSchillerUniversity BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
ErlangerAllee101 Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable
07747Jena fromtheBritishLibrary.
Germany
Bibliographicinformationpublishedby
theDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis
publicationintheDeutscheNational-
bibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataare
availableintheInternetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de
82007WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.
KGaA,Weinheim
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ISBN978-3-527-40558-9
V
Contents
Preface XVII
ListofContributors XIX
1 Introduction 1
1.1 TheHistoryofMagnetisminMedicine 3
UrsHa¨feli
1.1.1 Origins 3
1.1.2 FirstMedicalUsesofMagnets 4
1.1.3 UseofAttractingForcesofMagnetsinMedicine 5
1.1.4 TreatmentofNervousDiseasesandMesmerism 10
1.1.5 OtherMedicalUsesofMagnetsandMagnetism 13
1.1.6 TheInfluenceofMagneticFieldsonMan 18
References 22
1.2 BasicPhysicalPrinciples 26
DmitriBerkov
1.2.1 Introduction 26
1.2.2 TheElectromagneticFieldConceptandMaxwellEquations 27
1.2.2.1 MaxwellEquationsinaGeneralCaseofTime-DependentFields 27
1.2.2.2 Constant(Time-Independent)Fields:Electro-andMagnetostatics 29
1.2.2.3 ElectricandMagneticPotentials:ConceptofaDipole 30
1.2.2.4 Force,TorqueandEnergyinMagneticField 35
1.2.3 MagneticFieldinCondensedMatter:GeneralConcepts 38
1.2.3.1 MaxwellEquationsinCondensedMatter:Magnetization 38
1.2.3.2 ClassificationofMaterialsAccordingtotheirMagneticProperties 40
1.2.3.3 MeanFieldTheoryofFerromagnetism 42
1.2.4 MagneticFieldinCondensedMatter:SpecialTopics 44
1.2.4.1 MagneticEnergyContributions 44
1.2.4.2 MagneticDomainsandDomainWalls 51
1.2.4.3 MagnetizationCurvesandHysteresisLoops 53
VI Contents
1.2.4.4 Single-DomainParticlesandSuperparamagnetism 56
1.2.4.5 IrreversibleMagneticRelaxation 59
1.2.4.6 ReconstructionofMagnetizationDistributionInsideaBody
fromMagneticFieldMeasurements 61
Appendix 63
References 64
1.3 CreatingandMeasuringMagneticFields 65
WilfriedAndra¨andHannesNowak
1.3.1 Introduction 65
1.3.2 TheGenerationofMagneticFields 65
1.3.3 TheMeasurementofMagneticFields 70
1.3.4 Discussion 74
References 74
1.4 SafetyAspectsofMagneticFields 76
Ju¨rgenH.BernhardtandGunnarBrix
1.4.1 Introduction 76
1.4.2 RiskEvaluationandGuidanceonProtection 76
1.4.2.1 EvaluationProcess 77
1.4.2.2 DevelopmentofGuidanceonProtection 77
1.4.3 StaticandExtremelySlowlyTime-VaryingMagneticFields 78
1.4.3.1 InteractionMechanismsandBiologicalBasesforLimiting
Exposure 78
1.4.3.2 Epidemiology 80
1.4.3.3 SafetyAspectsandExposureLevels 81
1.4.4 Time-VaryingMagneticFields 81
1.4.4.1 InteractionMechanismsandBiologicalBasesforLimiting
Exposure 81
1.4.4.2 Epidemiology 83
1.4.4.3 SafetyAspectsandExposureLevels 84
1.4.5 ElectromagneticFields 84
1.4.5.1 InteractionMechanismsandBiologicalBasesforLimiting
Exposure 84
1.4.5.2 Epidemiology 88
1.4.5.3 SafetyAspectsandExposureLimits 89
1.4.6 ProtectionofPatientsandVolunteersUndergoingMR
Procedures 89
1.4.6.1 StaticMagneticFields 90
1.4.6.2 Time-VaryingMagneticGradientFields 90
1.4.6.3 RadiofrequencyElectromagneticFields 91
1.4.6.4 Contraindications 93
References 94
Contents VII
2 Biomagnetism 97
2.1 Introduction 99
HannesNowak
2.2 BiomagneticInstrumentation 101
HannesNowak
2.2.1 History 101
2.2.2 BiomagneticFields 102
2.2.3 SQUIDSensor 104
2.2.4 Shielding:MagneticallyandElectricallyShieldedRooms 109
2.2.5 Gradiometers 113
2.2.6 Dewar/Cryostat 116
2.2.7 CommercialBiomagneticMeasurementDevices 117
2.2.7.1 4-DNeuroimaging 118
2.2.7.2 VSMMedTechLtd. 126
2.2.7.3 ElektaNeuromag3 132
2.2.7.4 AdvancedTechnologiesBiomagnetics(AtB)s.r.l. 139
2.2.7.5 CardioMagImagingTM 142
2.2.7.6 TristanTechnologies,Inc. 144
2.2.7.7 PhilipsResearch,Hamburg 146
2.2.8 SpecialBiomagneticMeasurementDevices 148
2.2.8.1 Micro-SQUIDSystems 148
2.2.8.2 TheJena16-ChannelMicro-SQUIDDevice 149
2.2.8.3 PlanarGradiometers 149
2.2.8.4 Japanese256-ChannelDevice(SSL-Project) 151
2.2.8.5 Vector-Magnetometers 151
2.2.8.6 BiomagneticDeviceswithCryocooler 152
2.2.9 High-TemperatureSuperconductivity 152
2.2.10 Perspectives 154
References 155
2.3 Cardiomagnetism 164
GerhardStroink,BirgitHailer,andPeterVanLeeuwen
2.3.1 Introduction 164
2.3.1.1 HistoricalBackground 164
2.3.1.2 Electrophysiology 165
2.3.2 ForwardSolutions 167
2.3.2.1 Introduction 167
2.3.2.2 SingleCurrentDipoleinanInfiniteHomogeneousConductive
Medium 167
2.3.2.3 CurrentDipoleinaRealisticTorso 170
2.3.2.4 ExtendedSourceModels 172
2.3.2.5 Summary 175
VIII Contents
2.3.3 InverseSolutions 175
2.3.3.1 Introduction 175
2.3.3.2 ModelDataUsingtheCurrentDipoleasSourceModel 176
2.3.3.3 ModelDataUsingDistributedSourcesasSourceModel:
Imaging 178
2.3.3.4 Summary 179
2.3.4 Validation 180
2.3.5 ClinicalApplicationsofMagnetocardiography 183
2.3.6 IschemicHeartDisease 183
2.3.6.1 AnalysisofMCGSignalMorphology 184
2.3.6.2 DeterminationofTimeIntervals 185
2.3.6.3 ParametersoftheMagneticField 186
2.3.6.4 SourceParameters 189
2.3.6.5 Conclusion 191
2.3.7 HypertensiveCardiovascularDisease 191
2.3.7.1 Conclusion 193
2.3.8 Cardiomyopathy 193
2.3.8.1 Conclusion 194
2.3.9 CardiacArrhythmias 194
2.3.9.1 AtrialArrhythmias 195
2.3.9.2 VentricularPre-Excitation 196
2.3.9.3 VentricularArrhythmias 197
2.3.9.4 RiskStratificationforMalignantArrhythmiasAfterMI 198
2.3.9.5 Conclusion 200
2.3.10 ClinicalConclusions 200
References 201
2.4 Neuromagnetism 210
ThomasR.Kno¨sche,NobukazuNakasato,MichaelEiselt,
andJensHaueisen
2.4.1 Introduction 210
2.4.2 TheGenerationofMagneticSignalsbytheBrain 211
2.4.2.1 Introduction 211
2.4.2.2 TechnicalDevelopmentandLimitsofDetection 211
2.4.2.3 ElectrophysiologyofBrainCells 212
2.4.2.4 ExtracellularSpace 215
2.4.2.5 Pathophysiology 216
2.4.2.6 FinalRemarks 217
2.4.3 AnalysisofNeuromagneticFields 218
2.4.3.1 SignalAnalysis 218
2.4.3.2 ModelingandSourceReconstruction 222
2.4.4 TheInvestigationofthePrimarySensoryandMotorSystems 230
2.4.4.1 Introduction 230
2.4.4.2 SomatosensorySystem 230
Contents IX
2.4.4.3 AuditorySystem 232
2.4.4.4 VisualSystem 232
2.4.4.5 OlfactoryandGustatorySystem 234
2.4.4.6 MotorSystem 235
2.4.4.7 Perspectives 235
2.4.5 NeuromagneticFieldsandBrainScience:CognitiveFunctions 235
2.4.5.1 BrainCorrelatesofCognition:ComponentsandLocalizations 237
2.4.5.2 HumanCommunication 238
2.4.5.3 RecognitionofObjects:PerceptualBinding 241
2.4.5.4 Actions:Planning,Execution,Perception,andImagery 242
2.4.5.5 Attention 242
2.4.5.6 Memory 243
2.4.5.7 Emotions 244
2.4.6 ClinicalApplications 244
2.4.6.1 Introduction 244
2.4.6.2 SomatosensoryEvokedFields(SEFs) 244
2.4.6.3 AuditoryEvokedFields(AEFs) 247
2.4.6.4 VisuallyEvokedMagneticFields(VEFs) 249
2.4.6.5 Language-RelatedFields(LRFs) 251
2.4.6.6 SpontaneousBrainActivityinEpilepsy 251
2.4.6.7 SpontaneousBrainActivityinStructuralBrainLesionsand
Ischemia 255
2.4.6.8 Perspectives 256
References 256
2.5 FetalMagnetography 268
UweSchneiderandEkkehardSchleussner
2.5.1 FetalMagnetocardiography 268
2.5.1.1 General 268
2.5.1.2 FetalCardiacPhysiology 268
2.5.1.3 MethodicalApproaches 269
2.5.1.4 StandardsandInternationalReferenceValues 273
2.5.1.5 MonitoringFetalCardiacFunction:ABriefComparisonof
Methods 274
2.5.1.6 ComplementaryRoleinClinicalDiagnosis 274
2.5.1.7 ClinicalResearch 276
2.5.1.8 Perspectives 277
2.5.2 FetalMagnetoencephalography 279
2.5.2.1 GeneralAspects 279
2.5.2.2 DevelopmentofSenses 281
2.5.2.3 ApplicationsoffMEG 282
2.5.2.4 DevelopmentalAspectsofFetalEvokedResponses 283
2.5.2.5 Perspectives 285
References 286