Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Multiple Sclerosis PDF
Preview Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Multiple Sclerosis
Topics in Neuroscience Managing Editor: GIANCARLO COMI Co-Editor: JACOPO MELDOLESI Associate Editors: UGO ECARI MASSIMO FILIPPI GIANVITO MARTINO Springer-Verlag Italia Srl. M. Filippi. D.L. Arnold. G. Comi (Eds) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Multiple Sclerosis " Springer MASSIMO FILIPPI Neuroimaging Research Unit Department of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy DOUGLAS 1. ARNOLD Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Unit Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal, Canada G.COMI Clinical Trials Unit Department of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy The Editors and Authors wish to thank FARMADES-SCHERING GROUP (Italy) for the support and help in the realization and promotion of this volume © Springer-Verlag Italia 2001 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist edition 1991 ISBN 978-88-470-2164-8 ISBN 978-88-470-2109-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2109-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: applied for This work is subject to copyright. AlI rights are reserved, whether the who1e or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is on1y permitted under the provisions of the Italian Copyright Law in its current version, and permission for use. must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the Italian Copyright Law. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: the publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Typesetting: Photo Life (Milan) Cover design: Simona Colombo SPIN: 10785466 To Bobo and Pippo, who told me that now I can bark without any human accent (M. FILIPPI) Foreword The basic cartography of multiple sclerosis was surprisingly well characterized by a few brilliant observers. The comprehensive clinical pathologic correlations of Charcot, the recognition that repeated injections of heterologous myelin contam inants could induce the central nervous system inflammatory demyelination that marred the work of Pasteur, the initial modeling of myelin antigen-induced demyelination by Rivers, and the recognition of aberrant intrathecal immunoreg ulation by Kabat set the basic coordinates for subsequent and future explorers to develop the fine details. Most of the recent burst of information reflects an enrich ment of their landscapes, with fine details of plaque development enabled by advances in protein chemistry, cell biology, and the molecular revolution, and the macroscopic topography advanced by informatics and population genetics on disease epidemiology. Central to recent refinements is the introduction of mag netic resonance imaging, which provides a noninvasive portal to the dynamically evolving pathology of multiple sclerosis as it unfolds in individuals or exists across different clinical phenotypes. Filippi, Comi, and colleagues have established an annual course at the Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele that has evolved into an analytical brain trust to critically chronicle advancements in magnetic resonance imaging as applied to demyelinating disease - always with an eye towards the horizon. Assembled internationally recognized experts are expected to commit their perspectives to paper for greater dissemination. This book represents the focus of the fourth annual course, to evaluate the impact of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and project its continued potential. A good course always builds on fundamentals. Lubetzki and ZaIc provide thoughtful insight into possible determinants of the consequences of demyelina tion that are dependent on fundamentals of axonal-oligodendroglia1 cell interac tions gleaned from targeted cell biology. Bjartmar and Trapp review the reawak ening of experimental neuropathologists to the extent of axonal damage and its functional consequences, investigations driven in large part by the signal findings of early and partially reversible loss of N-acetylaspartate by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The physical basis of magnetic resonance and spectroscopy is adroitly explicated by McGowan, who appropriately cautions that considerable care must be taken to acquire reliable data and defines the hurdles that must be overcome as these approaches are extended to monitor multicentered collabora tive efforts. Finally, Morrissey demonstrates how animal models of demyelination VIII Foreword can be exploited to provide the link from clinical observations to immunohisto chemical realities. Once the fundamentals are mastered, Arnold, Comi, Filippi, Grossman, Matthews and Rovaris and their coauthors show us where magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging have taken us and where it may lead. One is not led astray by any implication that these observations are disease-spe cific; De Stefano and Falini elegantly review the similarities and differences of the metabolic abnormalities found when these approaches are applied to other white matter disease of diverse pathogenesis. Future courses might address in more depth the promise raised by the devel opment of integrated multimodal magnetic resonance structural, chemical, and functional imaging. Perhaps those stimulated by this work will find a magnetic resonance-based marker for remyelination to enable the monitoring of effective repair in this now treatable but still potentially devastating disease. Jerry S. Wolinsky Bartels Family Professor of Neurology Health Science Center The University of Texas, Houston Table of Contents Introduction M. FILIPPI, D.L. ARNOLD, G. COMI .•..••.•••.••.••.••.••.••.•••.•.••.•• 1 Chapter 1 - Axonal Signals and Central Nervous System Myelination C. LUBETZKI, B. ZALC .•.••.••••••••.••.••••••.••.••.••.••.•••.•.••.• 5 Chapter 2 - Axonal loss in Multiple Sclerosis C. BJARTMAR, B.D. TRAPP .•••••.•••••.••.••..••.••.••.••.••.••.••.••. 15 Chapter 3 - Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Fundamentals J.C. MCGOWAN ..•..•.••.•.••.••.•••.••..•..••.••.•..••.••.••.••.•• 33 Chapter 4 - Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis S.P. MORRISSEY ••..•••••.•.•••...••.•..••.•••••••••.••.••.••••••.•• 51 Chapter 5 - Axonal Injury and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Measure of Dynamic Pathological Change in White Matter D.L. ARNOLD, N. DE STEFANO, S. NARAYANAN, P.M. MATTHEWS •.•••.••.•••••• 61 Chapter 6 - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multiple Sclerosis: Cortical Reorganisation and Recovery H. REDDY, D.L. ARNOLD, P.M. MATTHEWS • • . • • • . • • . • . . • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • •• 69 Chapter 7 - Correlations between Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Other Magnetic Resonance Parameters in Multiple Sclerosis M. ROVARIS, M. FILIPPI. . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • . • • • .• 79 Chapter 8 - Magnetization Transfer and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis and Other in White Matter Diseases M. FILIPPI, G. COMI •••.••.•.•••••.••.•••.•••••.•.•.•.••.••.••.••.•• 87 Chapter 9 - New Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Strategies o. GONEN, R.I. GROSSMAN. • • • • . . • • . • • . . . . • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • •. 97 x Table of Contents Chapter 10 - Optimization and Standardization of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Techniques for Multicenter Longitudinal Multiple Sclerosis Studies J.C. MCGOWAN ••••.••.•••••••••••.•.••.•.••.•••••••..•.....•.•...• 113 Chapter 11 - Overview of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies in White Matter Diseases Other than Multiple Sclerosis N. DE STEFANO,A. FEDERICO •••.••.•.••.•.••••••••.••.•.••.•.•••••••. 121 Chapter 12 - Overview of Magnetic Resonance Studies in Other Neurological Conditions A. FALINI •.••.•.••....••••.•••••.•.••.••.••.••••.••.••••.••••.••. 135 Subject Index ................................................. 149 List of Contributors D.L. Arnold M. Filippi MRS Unit, Department of Neurology Neuroimaging Research Unit, Department and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Institute, McGill University, Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy Montreal, Canada e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] O. Gonen C. Bjartmar Division of Medical Science, Department of Neurosciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Lerner Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA Cleveland Clinic Foundation, e-mail: [email protected] Cleveland, OH, USA e-mail: [email protected] R.I. Grossman Department of Radiology, G.Comi University of Pennsylvania Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Neuroscience, e-mail: [email protected] San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy C. Lubetzki e-mail: [email protected] Biologie des Interactions Neurones/Glie, INSERM U-495 and Universite Paris VI, N. De Stefano and Federation de Neurologie, NMR Center & Neurometabolic Unit, H6pital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France University of Siena, Italy e-mail: [email protected]·paris.fr e-mail: [email protected] P.M. Matthews A. Falini FMRIB Centre, Department of Neuroradiology, Department of Neurology, San Raffaele, Scientific Institute, University of Oxford, UK Milan, Italy e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] J. C. McGowan A. Federico Department of Electrical Engineering, NMR Center & Neurometabolic Unit, United States, Naval Academy, University of Siena, Italy Annapolis, MD, USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
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