ebook img

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature PDF

316 Pages·2014·19.671 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature

Medical Radiology Marc-André Weber Diagnostic Imaging Editor M.F. Reiser H. Hricak M. Knauth Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature 123 Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging Series editors Maximilian F. Reiser Hedvig Hricak Michael Knauth Editorial Board Andy Adam, London Fred Avni, Brussels Richard L. Baron, Chicago Carlo Bartolozzi, Pisa George S. Bisset, Durham A. Mark Davies, Birmingham William P. Dillon, San Francisco D. David Dershaw, New York Sam Sanjiv Gambhir, Stanford Nicolas Grenier, Bordeaux Gertraud Heinz-Peer, Vienna Robert Hermans, Leuven Hans-Ulrich Kauczor, Heidelberg Theresa McLoud, Boston Konstantin Nikolaou, Munich Caroline Reinhold, Montreal Donald Resnick, San Diego Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland, Erlangen Stephen Solomon, New York Richard D. White, Columbus For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4354 Marc-Andre´ Weber Editor Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature 123 Editor Prof.Dr. med.Marc-André Weber, M.Sc. Diagnostic andInterventional Radiology UniversityHospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany ISSN 0942-5373 ISSN 2197-4187 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-37218-6 ISBN 978-3-642-37219-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-37219-3 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013954837 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis ormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright ClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication,neither theauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmay bemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) To my wife, Daniela, and our daughters, Anna Sophie and Leonie Marie, for making every day a special and joyful one Foreword Endorsement on behalf of the European Society of MusculoSkeletal Radiology (ESSR) Muscle imaging is inherently complex and presents unique morphologic challenges and continuing integration of dynamic, pathophysiologic, and functional capabilities as imagingtechnologyprogresses.Comparedtotheseveraltextbooksdedicatedtoimaging of the joints, an updated monography addressing muscle MRI is relatively rare. In this regard, this textbook provides a much-wanted survey and update of the current litera- ture on the subject. This comprehensive work is written by internationally renowned experts in the field and is richly illustrated by well-selected high quality images. The work reads fluently and covers all technical issues related to the most advanced tech- niques for morphologic and functional imaging of the skeletal muscle, such as whole body MRI, diffusion-weighted and diffusion-tensor imaging, 23Na MRI, muscle perfu- sionimagingandmetabolitequantificationinMRspectroscopy.Althoughemphasishas beenplacedonMRIasadiagnosticmodality,correlationwithultrasoundisprovidedin thefirstpartofthisbook.Allaspectsofmusclepathology,includinginheriteddisorders, sport-related conditions, inflammatory and ischemic disorders, tumors and non-neo- plastic masses are well covered and extensively discussed. We are convinced that this work will be a very useful tool for both certified general and musculoskeletal radiologists, as well as for orthopedic surgeons, geneticists, rheu- matologists, sports physicians, physiatrists, neurologists, and all other colleagues involvedinthediagnosisandmanagementofmuscledisorders.OnbehalfoftheESSR, vii viii Foreword we wish to congratulate the editor, Prof. Marc-Andre´ Weber, most warmly on this superb work, and it is our great privilege to recommend this book as a reference stan- dard in modern muscle imaging. Antwerp Filip M. Vanhoenacker, Secretary ESSR Genoa Carlo Martinoli, Chairman of the Educational Committee ESSR Preface The muscular system is one of the largest organ systems of the human body. In almost every MR image, skeletal muscles are also displayed. Although muscular diseases encompass a huge and heterogeneous group of both hereditary and acquired disorders, in most cases of progressive disease, myopathy presents with focal or general muscle weakness, which is, however, an unspecific symptom. Since the clinical presentation of these disorders may be quite similar, there is a need for ancillary testing. Therefore, in principle,imagingtechniquesthatofferdifferentialdiagnosticcluesareurgentlyneeded. The ancillary testing in cases of suspected myopathy has traditionally included, besides clinical data, electrodiagnostic, histopathologic, and genetic information, whereas imaging of the peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles was in the past not routinely included in this integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment. There is increasing evidence, however, that MRI has many advantages for imaging the skeletal muscle, e.g., it can image both superficial and deep structures with equal efficacy (better than ultrasonography), and it can image large areas of the body and is thus ideal for describing patterns of muscle involvement. Moreover, MRI provides excellentdifferentiationbetween the skeletal muscle, fat, and adjacent tissues, including bones and tendons. Quantitative MRI measures are valuable for monitoring disease progression. Thus, by virtue of the excellent contrast that it offers between healthy and diseasedtissues,MRIiscurrentlythemostsensitiveimagingmodalityfordisplayingthe skeletal muscle and its pathologic changes. To date, nevertheless, MRI has often been assigned a subsidiary role in the diagnostic work-up of muscular diseases since routine MRI protocols frequently reveal no pathognomonic findings. This is because morpho- logic alterations such as edema-like or lipomatous changes are sensitive indicators of disease but are not very disease specific and do not visualize the underlying (patho) physiologic changes. Now,however,excitingnewadvancesinmodern MRItechnologymakepossiblethe acquisitionoffunctionalimagesthatprovidedeeperinsightsintothemusclemetabolism and even allow for dynamic assessment of the muscular motion. Surrogate patho- physiologicparameters,suchasmuscularmicrocirculation,sodiumhomeostasis,energy andlipidmetabolism,andmusclefiberarchitecture,cannowbeinvestigatedusingthese functional MR techniques. Therefore, a much higher level of acceptance and also demandbycliniciansaretobeexpectedforthesenewtechniquesinthenearfuture,and radiologists will have to face up to the increasing value of MRI in imaging the skeletal musculature. In order to help in meeting these demands, this book provides a comprehensive overviewofthepotentialofMRIoftheskeletalmusculature.Recognizedauthorsfrom all around the world present their experiences regarding the current role of MRI in imaging the skeletal musculature and the diagnostic work-up of myopathies. The book starts with three chapters on the role of MRI in imaging the skeletal musculature,withafocusonclinicalneeds,thecorrelationofimagingtoanatomy,and when to use MRI and when to use ultrasonography. ix x Preface The next six chapters present cutting-edge research findings obtained using modern morphologicandfunctionalMRItechniquesforassessmentoftheskeletalmusculature andgivesomeexamplesoftheaddedvalueofferedbythesetechniquesintheevaluation of muscular diseases. A wide range of topics are covered, from whole-body MRI for evaluation of the entire muscular system to the insights into muscle cell metabolism provided by spectroscopic imaging. Furthermore, promising techniques for the skeletal musclethat have alreadybeen introduced inother organsystems, suchas diffusion and perfusion imaging and dynamic MRI techniques, are thoroughly discussed. The last part of the book describes the value of MRI in the diagnostic work-up of differentpathologiesoftheskeletalmusculature.Indetail,theroleofMRIiselucidated in muscle injuries, in neurogenic myopathies, and in establishing the cause of muscle denervation. Of course, the MRI findings in the large fields of muscle dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies, and autoimmune-mediated myositis, as well as muscle channelopathies, are presented and the added value provided by MRI in relation to clinicalexaminationisdescribed.Moreover,theroleofMRIalongsideelectrodiagnostic and genetic testing in the diagnostic work-up is discussed. The MRI characteristics of tumors of the muscle and their sheaths are discussed in detail in the final chapter. Tosumup,‘‘MagneticResonanceImagingoftheSkeletalMusculature’’addressesthe increasingly rapid advances in modern MR techniques for imaging of the skeletal musculature and gives a comprehensive overview of the cutting-edge value of MRI for theassessmentofnormalanddiseasedskeletalmuscle,aswellashelpfulguidanceonthe role of alternative imaging techniques, such as ultrasonography. I hope that this book will be a useful and an insightful tool for all physicians with an interest in muscular diseases and that it will aid them in their clinical practice and patient care. I very much thank the series’ editor, Prof. Maximilian F. Reiser, for inviting me to edit this issue and for his valuable suggestions, and my academic teacher, Prof. Hans- Ulrich Kauczor, for his continuous support and encouragement. Moreover, I am especiallygratefultoallcontributingauthors,whoareinternationallyknownexpertsin their field, and I would like to acknowledge their great efforts and their outstanding contributions. I am also very grateful for the constant support and encouragement of Springer,especiallyMrs.CorinnaScha¨ferforallherusefuladviceanduntiringeffortsin helping me to collect and edit the book chapters, which deserves special recognition. Last, but not least, a special word of thanks goes to my family for their unstinting encouragement and loving support. Finally, I hope that readers will share my enthusiasm for the interesting and rapidly developing role of MRI in visualizing the skeletal musculature and will enjoy this textbook. Heidelberg Marc-Andre´ Weber Contents Part I Role of MRI in Imaging the Skeletal Musculature Imaging of Skeletal Muscle in Neuromuscular Disease: A Clinical Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Craig M. Zaidman and Lisa D. Hobson-Webb Correlation of Skeletal Muscle Anatomy to MRI and US Findings . . . . . . . . . . 27 Alberto Tagliafico, Bianca Bignotti, Sonia Airaldi and Carlo Martinoli Imaging the Skeletal Muscle: When to Use MR imaging and When to Use Ultrasound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Carlo Martinoli, Sonia Airaldi, Bianca Bignotti and Alberto Tagliafico Part II Modern MRI Techniques for Assessment of the Skeletal Musculature Whole-Body MRI for Evaluation of the Entire Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Nicolai Schramm, Sabine Weckbach, Stephen Eustace and Niamh M. Long Diffusion-Weighted and Diffusion Tensor Imaging: Applications in Skeletal Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Usha Sinha and Shantanu Sinha Assessment of Skeletal Muscle Microperfusion Using MRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Sasan Partovi, Bjoern Jacobi, Yaron Gordon, Lisa Zipp, Anja-Carina Schulte, Sasan Karimi, Rolf Huegli and Deniz Bilecen Skeletal Muscle MR Imaging Beyond Protons: With a Focus on Sodium MRI in Musculoskeletal Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Armin M. Nagel, Marc-André Weber, Arijitt Borthakur and Ravinder Reddy MR Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging for Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Basics and Applications in Metabolic Diseases. . . . . . . . . . 135 Chris Boesch Dynamic MR Imaging of the Skeletal Musculature: From Static Measures to a Dynamic Assessment of the Muscular (Loco-) Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Shantanu Sinha and Usha Sinha xi

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.