Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow PDF
Preview Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow
Medical Radiology Diagnostic Imaging Series Editors Maximilian F. Reiser Hedvig Hricak Michael Knauth Editorial Board Andy Adam, London Fred Avni, Brussels Richard L. Baron, Chicago Carlo Bartolozzi, Pisa George S. Bisset, Durham A. Mark Davies, Birmingham William P. Dillon, San Francisco D. David Dershaw, New York Sam Sanjiv Gambhir, Stanford Nicolas Grenier, Bordeaux Gertraud Heinz-Peer, Vienna Robert Hermans, Leuven Hans-Ulrich Kauczor, Heidelberg Theresa McLoud, Boston Konstantin Nikolaou, Munich Caroline Reinhold, Montreal Donald Resnick, San Diego Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland, Erlangen Stephen Solomon, New York Richard D. White, Columbus For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4354 Andrea Baur-Melnyk Editor Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow Foreword by Maximilian F. Reiser 123 Editor Andrea Baur-Melnyk Institutfür KlinischeRadiologie Klinikum derUniversität München(Großhadern) Munich Germany ISBN 978-3-642-17859-7 ISBN 978-3-642-17860-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17860-3 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012949706 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consultingtherelevantliterature. Coverillustration:63-year-oldmalewithsystemicmastocytosis Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) To my husband, Robert, and my parents Andrea Baur-Melnyk Foreword Thebonesofbirdscontaingasinsteadofbonemarrowinordertoreducetheir weight and allow them to fly. Since mammalians developed later in evolution thanbirdsitcanbeassumedthatthebonemarrowisnotjustanatavism,even if air crafts were invented at a much later date. In humans and other mam- malians, the bone marrow is one of the largest organs and the importance of thisorganisalsoreflectedintheLatinword‘‘medulla’’whichispartoftheterm ‘‘medullary cavity’’ in which the bone marrow is located. Figuratively, this ‘‘medulla’’ has another meaning in the Latin language: ‘‘the dearest, the heart’’ indicating that back in ancient times the most important role of the bone marrow had been recognized. For modern diagnostic imaging, especially MRI, the bone marrow plays a crucial role enabling the radiologist to detect a large variety of different dis- orders. Not only diseases originating from the bone marrow such as leukemia, myeloproliferative disorders, diseases of the reticuloendothelial system and anemias can be detected and characterized with MRI. In oncologic imaging metastatic spread to the skeleton plays a key role and multiple myeloma is an oncological disease originating from the bone marrow. The bone marrow is also an area in which diseases of other organs may manifest so that their detection contributes to elucidate the health status of a patient. Bone infarction and bone marrow alterations in non-infective inflam- matory bone marrow diseases such as Bechterew’s disease and Sapho may provide direction in the further diagnostic work-up of a particular patient. MRIopenedtheeyesofradiologistsforapreviouslycompletelyunknownor atleastneglectedentity,thebonemarrowedemasyndromeandunderstandably radiologistslovethisentity.Bonemarrowedemacanbeseenasthefootprintof injuries and disorders and could not be depicted with any other imaging modality. The visualization of bone marrow edema allows diagnosing a plethora of diseases and injuries and contributed to the elucidation of the natural history of various lesions. All this would not be possible if humans would have bones filled with air. Alike the antique Romans, radiologists would therefore translate ‘‘medulla’’ as ‘‘the dearest’’. vii viii Foreword On behalf of the editorial board of ‘‘Medical Radiology’’ I would like to expressmysinceregratitudetoProfessorBaur-Melnykandtheeminentauthors ofthismonographfortheirtimeandexpertise.Weareconfidentthatthereader will welcome this state-of-the-art reference book on the fascinating topic of MRI of the bone marrow. It provides at the same time comprehensive and compressed information on this topic of utmost clinical importance. Munich, November 2012 Maximilian F. Reiser Preface The bone marrow is one of the largest organs of the human body. In almost everyMRimagethebonemarroworpartsofitaredisplayed.MRIisthemost sensitive imaging modality to display the marrow and its components, mainly consistingoffatandwaterbound protons.Theexact knowledgeofthenormal marrowdistributionaswellasmarrowvariantsinMRIisimportantforspecific diagnoses. Benign variants often constitute mimickers of malignant diseases. Pathologies that may arise from bone marrow and marrow components are numerous. In this book haematological bone marrow malignancies, bone metastases,multiplemyelomaasmalignantcausesforbonemarrowalterations are presented. MRI can also be used as a tool for the assessment of treatment response in oncologic marrow involvement. The differentiation of benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures is an common clinical challenge which is discussed in detail in one separate chapter. Benign processes can also affect the bone marrow, such as diseases of the reticuloendothelial system, anemias and marrow insufficiency. Osteonecrosis and bone marrow infarction is another common clinical problem in musculoskeletal imaging which will be presented in detail. It has to be differentiated from bone marrow edema syn- dromes which may havemultiple underlying causes. Bone marrow changes are frequently found in acute and chronic trauma and their patterns are often specificforaparticulartypeofinjury.Infectiveandnoninfectivebonemarrow diseases have to be differentiated from bone marrowedema syndromes. At the end technical aspects and new techniques for bone marrow imaging in MRI, such as diffusion and perfusion as well as contrast media application are discussed. We hope that this book will aid in clinical practise and can aid in patient care.Wewanttothankallcontributingauthors,whoareinternationallyknown experts in their field, for their great efforts and for their outstanding contri- butions. We would also like to acknowledge the continuous support and encouragement by Springer. Andrea Baur-Melnyk ix Contents Part I Histology and Normal Bone Marrow Histology of Normal Bone and Bone Marrow, and Their Main Disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Reiner Bartl MR Imaging of the Normal Bone Marrow and Normal Variants . . . . . 21 Bruno C. Vande Berg, P. Omoumi, C. Galant, N. Michoux, and F. E. Lecouvet Part II Bone Marrow Neoplasia Haematological Bone Marrow Malignancies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Sung Kim, Kathleen Carrigan, and Michael Mulligan MRI of Bone Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Gerwin Paul Schmidt and Andrea Baur-Melnyk Multiple Myeloma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Andrea Baur-Melnyk and Melvin D’Anastasi MRI for Response Assessment in Oncologic Bone Marrow Lesions. . . . 121 F. Lecouvet, P. Omoumi, A. Larbi, B. Tombal, N. Michoux, B. Vande Berg, and J. Malghem Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Vertebral Compression Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Andrea Baur-Melnyk and Tobias Geith Part III Benign Processes Affecting the Bone Marrow Diseases of the Reticuloendothelial System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Robert Hemke and Mario Maas xi xii Contents Anemias and Bone Marrow Insufficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Iris-Melanie Noebauer-Huhmann and Martin Uffmann Osteonecrosis and Bone Infarction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Anastasia Fotiadou and Apostolos Karantanas Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Alain Blum, Sophie Lecocq, Matthias Louis, and Pedro Teixeira Bone Marrow Changes in Acute and Chronic Trauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Filip M. Vanhoenacker, Michiel Eyselbergs, and Annick Demeyere Infective Inflammatory Bone Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Klaus Bohndorf and Hassan Douis Non-Infective Inflammatory Bone Marrow Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Bernhard J. Tins and Victor N. Cassar-Pullicino Part IV Technical Aspects in Bone Marrow Imaging Techniques for Diffusion and Perfusion Assessment in Bone-Marrow MRI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Olaf Dietrich Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow Contrast Media for Bone Marrow Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Daniel Golovko, Elizabeth Sutton, and Heike E. Daldrup-Link Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
The list of books you might like
