Magnesium Technology 2018

429 Pages·2018·34.154 MB·English

by  Dmytro Orlov,Vineet Joshi,Kiran N. Solanki,Neale R. Neelameggham (eds.)

2018
EDITED BY
Dmytro Orlov
Vineet Joshi
Kiran N. Solanki
Neale R. Neelameggham
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series
Dmytro Orlov Vineet Joshi
(cid:129)
Kiran N. Solanki Neale R. Neelameggham
(cid:129)
Editors
Magnesium Technology 2018
123
Editors
DmytroOrlov KiranN.Solanki
LundUniversity Arizona State University
Lund Tempe,AZ
Sweden USA
VineetJoshi Neale R.Neelameggham
PacificNorthwest National Laboratory IND LLC
Richland, WA SouthJordan, UT
USA USA
ISSN 2367-1181 ISSN 2367-1696 (electronic)
TheMinerals, Metals& Materials Series
ISBN978-3-319-72331-0 ISBN978-3-319-72332-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72332-7
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Preface
By now, magnesium alloys have become an integral part of our daily life improving its
quality. From spectacular entrance as fireworks in festive moments, this material has gained
ground as a strong contender to steels, Al and Ti alloys, polymers and composites in light-
weight mobility, biomedical, and energy sectors. Its unique properties address many
demanding challenges of modern society including the reduction of carbon footprint and
building of circular economies. Such properties include low density, making Mg the lightest
structural metal, excellent capacity for vibration damping and electromagnetic shielding,
perfect biocompatibility along with bio-resorbability, and many others. At the same time,
real-lifeapplicationsofmagnesiumdemandovercomingsignificantchallengesinend-product
fabricationtechnologiesandtailoringperformance characteristics. Suchdemandsarerelevant
to rather limited primary supply sources, alloying capacity and technological plasticity, often
excessive chemical reactivity, creep properties, and closed-loop recycling. Therefore, many
prominent researchers in academia, industrial engineers, and economists, as well as state
policy makers are involved in the very dynamic area of magnesium technology development
globally.
Thisproceedingsvolume,whichisthe19thannualvolumeofpapersonallaspectsofbasic
research, simulation, and magnesium technology development, reflects the worldwide efforts
and latest advancements in all aspects of magnesium research. In line with long-standing
tradition, the proceedings consist of papers from all oral and selected poster presenters in the
Magnesium Technology Symposium as well as from Magnesium Alloy Development:
An LMD Symposium in Honor of Karl Kainer, both held during the 147th TMS Annual
Meeting & Exhibition in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, March 11–15, 2018. All papers in this
compilationwerepeer-reviewedbyexpertsinthefieldsofmagnesiumandlightweightmetals
development, characterization, and simulation.
The lectures contributed by researchers and engineers from 17 countries were nominally
split for presentation during the meeting into 11 sessions including a Keynote and a unique
Poster-pitchsessions.Thesewerearrangedinaccordancewiththemateriallifecycleincluding
environmental challenges and sustainability. Starting from primary Mg extraction, alloy
development,casting,andsolidification,thesessiontopicsfurthercoveredthermo-mechanical
processing; deformation mechanisms and mechanical behavior; applications in biomedical,
energy, and mobility sectors; and finally degradation and recycling. Magnesium Alloy
Development:AnLMDSymposiuminHonorofKarlKainerhadthreesessionsadditionally.
The volume also includes papers and expert commentaries from renowned leaders in
various areas of magnesium technology development presented as keynote lectures. The
symposium was opened by Prof. Dr. Karl Ulrich Kainer, Director of Magnesium Innovation
Centre (MagIC) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht who presented his vision on “Magnesium
Alloys: Challenges and Achievements in Controlling Performance, and Future Application
Perspectives.”ThiswasfollowedbyotherdistinguishedkeynotespeakersincludingProfessor
and Head of the Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics Modeling at École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Prof. William A. Curtin who presented a talk on
“Solute/Stacking Fault Energies in Mg and Implications for Ductility.” Prof. Nick Birbilis,
v
vi Preface
Woodside Innovation Chair, Professor and Head of the Department of Materials Science and
Engineering at Monash University presented an overview on “Recent Developments in
Magnesium Alloy Corrosion Research,” and Prof. Dr. Mikhail Zheludkevich, Head of
DepartmentofCorrosionandSurfaceTechnologyatMagnesiumInnovationCentre(MagIC),
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, gave a talk “Towards Active Corrosion Protection of Mg
AlloysUsingCorrosionInhibitionApproaches,”closingtheKeynotesession.Invitedspeakers
from Japan opened following sessions having more specific focuses with lectures “Study on
Metal Smelting Process under Microwave Irradiation” by Prof. Satoshi Fujii (Tokyo Institute
ofTechnology)and“MaterialDesignforEnhancingToughnessofMgAlloyandApplication
for Biodegradable Devices” by Prof. Toshiji Mukai (Kobe University).
Magnesium Alloy Development: An LMD Symposium in Honor of Karl Kainer was
organized by Norbert Hort (Magnesium Innovation Centre MagIC within the Helmholtz-
Zentrum Geesthacht) and Alan Luo (Ohio State University). There were 30 presentations
including 4 keynote lectures: “Solutions for Next Generation Automotive Lightweight Con-
cepts Based on Material Selection and Functional Integration” by Horst E. Friedrich, Elmar
Beeh,andCarmenSRoider;“RecentDevelopmentsintheApplicationoftheInterdependence
ModelofGrainFormationandRefinement”byDavidStJohn;“MagnesiumPistonsinEngines:
Fiction or Fact?” by Norbert Hort, Hajo Dieringa, and Karl Ulrich Kainer; and “Degradable
Magnesium Implants—Assessment of the Current Situation” by Regine Willumeit-Roemer,
NezhaAhmadAgha, Berengere Luthringer.
Lastbutnotleast,the2017–2018MagnesiumCommitteeexpressesdeepappreciationtoall
authors for contributing to the success of the symposia, our panel of distinguished keynote
speakers for sharing their valuable thoughts on most recent achievements in the area and the
future of magnesium technology, the reviewers for their hard work in reviewing the manu-
scripts, the session chairs, judges, TMS staff members, and other volunteers for their
impeccable support.
Dmytro Orlov, Chair
Vineet Joshi, Vice Chair
Kiran N. Solanki, Past Chair
Neale R. Neelameggham, Advisor
Contents
Part I Magnesium Technology 2018
Mg Alloys: Challenges and Achievements in Controlling Performance,
and Future Application Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hajo Dieringa, Norbert Hort, Dietmar Letzig, Jan Bohlen, Daniel Höche,
Carsten Blawert, Mikhail Zheludkevich, and Karl Ulrich Kainer
Solute/Stacking Fault Energies in Mg and Implications for Ductility . . . . . . . . . 15
Binglun Yin, Zhaoxuan Wu, and W. A. Curtin
Recent Developments in Magnesium Alloy Corrosion Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Nick Birbilis, R. L. Liu, Y. Yan, and O. Gharbi
Towards Active Corrosion Protection of Mg Alloys Using Corrosion
Inhibition Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
M. L. Zheludkevich, S. V. Lamaka, Y. Chen, D. Hoeche,
C. Blawert, and K. U. Kainer
Ni-P-MWNTs Composite Coatings on Magnesium Alloys AZ31 Part 1:
MWNTs Content in Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Dong Guo, Haiwang Wu, Sheng Wang, Yongjuan Dai, Shiqing Sun,
Sen Qin, and Kai Fu
Ni-P-MWNTs Composite Coatings on Magnesium Alloys AZ31 Part 2:
Tribological Behavior and MWNTs Content in Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Dong Guo, Sheng Wang, Yongjuan Dai, Shiqing Sun, Sen Qin, and Kai Fu
Adding Dimensions to the Immersion Testing of Magnesium
Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Lars Wadsö and Dmytro Orlov
Effect of Fluoride Ion on the Microstructure and Properties of
Permanganate Conversion Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Shih-An Yang and Chao-Sung Lin
Corrosion Characteristics of Two Rare Earth Containing
Magnesium Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
M. AbdelGawad, B. Mansoor, and A. U. Chaudhry
Surface and Interfacial Energies of Mg Al –Mg System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
17 12
Fangxi Wang and Bin Li
Effect of Ca on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
in Mg Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
E. I. Andritsos, G. C. G. Skinner, and A. T. Paxton
vii
viii Contents
Investigation of Grain Refinement Method for AZ91 Alloy
Using Carbide Inoculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Jun Ho Bae, Young Min Kim, Ha Sik Kim, and Bong Sun You
Experimental Study of the Solidification Microstructure in the
Mg-Rich Corner of Mg–Al–Ce System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Charlotte Wong, Mark J. Styles, Suming Zhu, Trevor Abbott,
Kazuhiro Nogita, Stuart D. McDonald, David H. StJohn,
Mark A. Gibson, and Mark A. Easton
Material Design for Enhancing Toughness of Mg Alloy and
Application for Biodegradable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Toshiji Mukai
Influences of Yttrium Content on Microstructure and Mechanical
Properties of as-cast Mg–Ca–Y–Zr Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Sihang You, Yuanding Huang, Karl Ulrich Kainer, and Norbert Hort
Strengthening and Toughening Behaviors of the Mg–9Al Alloy
Containing Oxygen Atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Seung Won Kang and Dong Hyun Bae
Investigations on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of
Non-flammable Mg–Al–Zn–Ca–Y Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Stefan Gneiger, Nikolaus Papenberg, Simon Frank, and Rudolf Gradinger
Development of BioMg® 250 Bioabsorbable Implant Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
R. Decker, S. LeBeau, D. LaCroix, S. Makiheni, and J. Allison
The Electrolytic Production of Magnesium from MgO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
James C. Withers, John Laughlin, and Jeffery Babis
Empirical Examination of the Formation of Mechanical Properties
of Heated Twin-Roll-Cast Magnesium Strips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Claudia Kawalla, Marie Teuber, and Michael Höck
The Morphology and Distribution of Al Mn in High Pressure Die
8 5
Cast AM50 and AZ91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
G. Zeng, X. Zhu, S. Ji, and C. M. Gourlay
Study on the Production of Metallic Magnesium from
Nickel-Containing Serpentine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Huimin Lu and Guangzhi Wu
Fabrication of Mg(OH) by Electrolysis Using MgCl
2 2
Aqueous Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Xijuan Pan, Zhihe Dou, Ting-an Zhang, Yukun Ren, Guozhi Lyu,
Junjie Zhang, and Xiuxiu Han
Update on Ballistic Characterization of the Scalability of Magnesium
Alloy AMX602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Tyrone L. Jones
Experimental Study on the Reversion Reaction Between Magnesium
and CO Vapor in the Carbothermic Reduction of Magnesia
Under Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Yang Tian, Bao-qiang Xu, Bin Yang, Da-chun Liu, Tao Qu,
Hai Liu, and Yong-nian Dai
Contents ix
Study on Metal Smelting Process Under Microwave Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Satoshi Fujii, Eiichi Suzuki, Naomi Inazu, Shuntarou Tsubaki,
Masahiko Maeda, and Yuji Wada
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Simultaneous Decomposition and
Formation of MgB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
2
Muhammad A. Imam and Ramana G. Reddy
Dislocations in Mg Alloys with Rare-Earth Element Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Zhiqing Yang and Hengqiang Ye
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior
of Mg–Gd–Zn Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
K. Li, V. S. Y. Injeti, P. Trivedi, and R. D. K. Misra
Twin-Slip Interaction at Low Stress Stage Deformation in an
AZ31 Mg Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Peng Chen, Bin Li, Duke Culbertson, and Yanyao Jiang
In Situ Neutron Diffraction and Acoustic Emission During the
Biaxial Loading of AZ31 Alloy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Jan Čapek, Tobias Panzner, Karl Sofinowski, Daria Drozdenko,
and Kristián Máthis
Acoustic Emission Study of High Temperature Deformation of Mg–Zn–Y
Alloys with LPSO Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Klaudia Horváth, Daria Drozdenko, Kristián Máthis, Gerardo Garcés,
and Patrik Dobroň
Deformation and Recrystallization Mechanisms and Their
Influence on the Microstructure Development of Rare Earth
Containing Magnesium Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Changwan Ha, Sangbong Yi, Jan Bohlen, Xiaohua Zhou,
Heinz-Günter Brokmeier, Norbert Schell, Dietmar Letzig,
and Karl Ulrich Kainer
Thermo-Mechanical Treatment of Extruded Mg–1Zn Alloy: Cluster
Analysis of AE Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Patrik Dobroň, Daria Drozdenko, Marius Hegedűs, Juraj Olejňák,
Klaudia Horváth, and Jan Bohlen
The Effect of Initial Texture on Deformation Behaviors of Mg Alloys
Under Erichsen Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Jaiveer Singh, Min-Seong Kim, and Shi-Hoon Choi
Measurement of Twin Formation Energy Barriers Using Nudged
Elastic Band Molecular Statics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Deepesh Giri, Christopher Barrett, and Haitham El Kadiri
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-7.71Gd-2.39Nd-0.17Zr
Alloy After the Different Heat Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Shifeng Luo, Guangyu Yang, Lei Xiao, and Wanqi Jie
Superplasticity in a Chip-Consolidated Mg Zn Y Alloy
97 1 2
with LPSO Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Kazuha Suzawa, Shin-ichi Inoue, Michiaki Yamasaki, Yoshihito Kawamura,
Michimasa Miyanaga, Katsuhito Yoshida, and Nozomu Kawabe
x Contents
Technological Solutions to Apply Magnesium Bulk Materials in
Dynamic Bending and Axial Compression Load Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Elmar Beeh, Horst E. Friedrich, Philipp Straßburger, William Altenhof,
Ping Zhou, Michael Worswick, and Samuel Kim
Mechanical Properties of Thermo-Mechanically Treated Extruded
Mg–Zn-Based Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Daria Drozdenko, Patrik Dobroň, Juraj Olejňák, Marius Hegedüs,
Klaudia Horváth, and Jan Bohlen
Influence of Low Temperature Forging on Microstructure and Low
Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Cast AZ31B Mg Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
D. Toscano, S. K. Shaha, B. Behravesh, H. Jahed, B. Williams, and X. Su
The Recrystallization and Grain Growth Behavior of Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Aeriel D. Murphy and John E. Allison
Strengtheningof a BiodegradableMg–Zn–CaAlloy ZX50 After
Processing by HPT and Heat Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
A. Ojdanic, E. Schafler, J. Horky, D. Orlov, and M. Zehetbauer
Strain Heterogeneity Structures in Wrought Magnesium AZ31
Under Reversed Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
C. Can Aydıner
Hot Forging Behavior of Mg−8Al−4Ba−4Ca (ABaX844) Alloy and
Validation of Processing Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
K. P. Rao, C. Dharmendra, Y. V. R. K. Prasad, H. Dieringa, and N. Hort
Effect of Ca on Oxidation Resistance of Magnesium Alloys (AZ91) . . . . . . . . . . 297
Shima Paridari, Hassan Saghafian Larijani, and Ghasem Eisaabadi. B
Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties During
Casting and Rolling of the ZEK100 Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
A. Javaid and F. Czerwinski
Part II Magnesium Alloy Development: An LMD Symposium
in Honor of Karl Kainer
Recent Developments in the Application of the Interdependence Model
of Grain Formation and Refinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
D. H. StJohn, X. Hu, M. Sun, L. Peng, and H. Dieringa
Thermodynamics of Phase Formation in Mg–Al–C Alloys Applied to
Grain Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
G. Deffrennes, B. Gardiola, M. Lomello, J. Andrieux, O. Dezellus,
and R. Schmid-Fetzer
Development of Magnesium-Rare Earth Die-Casting Alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Mark Easton, Mark A. Gibson, Suming Zhu, Trevor Abbott, Jian-Feng Nie,
Colleen J. Bettles, and Gary Savage
Creep Resistant Mg–Mn Based Alloys for Automotive Powertrain
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Mert Celikin and Mihriban Pekguleryuz
Solutions for Next Generation Automotive Lightweight Concepts Based
on Material Selection and Functional Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Horst E. Friedrich, Elmar Beeh, and Carmen S. Roider