Magnesia, Alumina, Beryllia Ceramics: Fabrication, Characterization and Properties High Temperature Oxides, Part III

299 Pages·1970·34.61 MB·English

by  Allen M. Alper (Eds.)

REFRACTORY MATERIALS
A SERIES OF M O N O G R A P HS
John L. Margrave, Editor
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
RICE UNIVERSITY, HOUSTON, TEXAS
VOLUME 1. L. R. MCCREIGHT, H. W. RAUCH, SR., and W. H. SUTTON
Ceramic and Graphite Fibers and Whiskers
A Survey of the Technology
VOLUME 2. EDMUND K. STORMS
The Refractory Carbides
VOLUME 3. H. W. RAUCH, SR., W. H. SUTTON, and L. R. MCCREIGHT
Ceramic Fibers and Fibrous Composite Materials
VOLUME 4. LARRY KAUFMAN and HAROLD BERNSTEIN
Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams
With Special Reference to Refractory Metals
VOLUME 5. ALLEN M. ALPER, Editor
High Temperature Oxides
Part I : Magnesia, Lime, and Chrome Refractories
Part II : Oxides of Rare Earths, Titanium, Zirconium,
Hafnium, Niobium, and Tantalum
Part III: Magnesia, Alumina, Beryllia Ceramics:
Fabrication, Characterization and Properties
Part IV: Refractory Glasses, Glass - Ceramics, Ceramics
VOLUME 6. ALLEN M. ALPER, Editor
Phase Diagrams: Materials Science and Technology
Volume I: Theory, Principles, and Techniques of
Phase Diagrams
Volume II: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Metal,
Refractory, Ceramic, and Cement Technology
Volume III: The Use of Phase Diagrams in Electronic
Materials and Glass Technology
In Preparation
Louis E. TOTH
Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides
High Temperature Oxides
Part III
Magnesia, Alumina, Beryllia Ceramics:
Fabrication, Characterization
and Properties
Edited by
Allen M. Alper
Chemical and Metallurgical Division
Sylvania Electric Products Inc.
Subsidiary of General Telephone and Electronics
Towanda, Pennsylvania
ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London 1970
COPYRIGHT © 1970, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM,
BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY
OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM
THE PUBLISHERS.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
Berkeley Square House, London W1X 6BA
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 78-97487
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
to the memory of
PROFESSOR ARIE POLDERVAART
for the guidance and instruction in petrology-geochemistry he gave me
while I was a student at Columbia University
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contribu-
tions begin.
Allen M. Alper, Chemical and Metallurgical Division, Sylvania Electric
Products Inc., Subsidiary of General Telephone and Electronics, To-
wanda, Pennsylvania (xi)*
Ivan B. Cutler, Department of Ceramic Engineering, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah (129)
Terence G. Langdon, Department of Mineral Technology, University of
California, Berkeley, California (53) +
D. T. Livey, Abingdon, Berkshire, England (1)
Joseph A. Pask, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, California (53)
Roy W. Rice, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington (235)φ
Richard M. Spriggs, Materials Research Center, Lehigh University, Bethle-
hem, Pennsylvania (183)
* Former address: Research and Development Laboratories, Corning Glass Works,
Corning, New York.
f Presently at Department of Metallurgy, University of British Columbia, Van-
couver, Canada.
t Present address: Naval Research Laboratories, Washington, D.C.
vii
Foreword
The Refractory Materials Series was initiated in the hope of filling some
serious voids in the literature available for high temperature scientists, and
this new publication, High Temperature Oxides, edited by Dr. Allen M.
Alper, will clearly perform this function. For thousands of years, men have
worked with oxides at high temperatures—ceramics, cements, bricks, tiles,
glazes, etc. were widely applied long before their basic chemistry and physics
were understood. The application of modern methods has led to hundreds
of new oxide materials and thousands of new applications as ultra-pure
compounds, variable stoichiometries, and a great variety of physical and
chemical properties have been measured and characterized on the basis of
current theories.
In this sequence of volumes on High Temperature Oxides, Dr. Alper has
drawn on his own experience in geochemistry, ceramics and glass technology
to define the broadest coverage of this most important group of Refractory
Materials yet available in the literature. His co-authors include experts from
a variety of laboratories—industrial, government and academic. This group
of outstanding scientists has made an extensive yet critical coverage of oxides
and systems of oxides with emphasis on fundamental properties as well as
the important new technological developments.
It is my hope that this publication, joined by the earlier volumes of this
series, and those yet to be printed, will make the series of books on
Refractory Materials an indispensable tool for the modern high temperature
scientist.
John L. Margrave
February 1970
Houston, Texas
ix
Preface
This book is part of a series of four books on high temperature oxides.
Part I discusses magnesia, lime and chrome refractories. Part II reviews
research and development work which has been done on oxides of rare
earths, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium and tantalum. This volume
(Part III) reviews the recent advances in measuring, characterizing, sinter-
ing and fabricating MgO, A1 0 and BeO ceramics. Part IV discusses re-
2 3
fractory glasses and glass-ceramics, A1 0—containing compounds, ZnO,
2 3
tungsten oxide compounds and slip-casting of ceramics.
In the past five years, advances have been made in understanding the
basic phenomena which occur when oxides are sintered, hot-pressed or
hot-worked. Also, a much better understanding of the properties of oxides
has been obtained. This new basic knowledge has led to the discovery and
development of many new materials.
This volume reviews the recent research and technical advances which
have occurred in the very important refractory oxides, including MgO,
A1 0 and BeO. The contents should give the reader a good basic under-
2 3
standing of how some very important ceramics are formed; and they should
be useful to both scientists and engineers who are studying, producing, or
using ceramics and glasses, as well as to materials science and engineering
students.
In the last ten years, ceramics have gone a long way from being an art
to becoming a science. Much knowledge has been acquired on the nature
of diffusion and the sintering of ceramics. Also, much more is known about
the mechanical properties of ceramics. In the past five years hot-pressing
and hot-working of oxides have reached new levels of understanding and
sophistication. Methods have been found to control more accurately the
microstructure and properties of ceramics.
The editor wishes to thank Professor John L. Margrave of Rice Uni-
versity, and Mrs. Thyrza C. Hanson and Dr. John H. Munier of Corning
Glass Works. Thanks are also given to Corning Glass Works and Sylvania
Electric Products Inc., for helping to make this book possible. I also wish
to thank all the contributors for their excellent papers.
Allen M. Alper
March 1970
Towanda, Pennsylvania
xi
Contents of Other Volumes
Part I
Magnesia, Lime, and Chrome Refractories
1. PITCH-BEARING MgO-CaO REFRACTORIES FOR THE BOP PROCESS
K. K. Kappmeyer
D. H. Hubble
2. MAGNESIA-BASED REFRACTORIES
James White
3. SINTERED AND CHEMICALLY BONDED MgO—CHROME ORE
REFRACTORIES
J. Laming
4. REBONDED FUSED MgO—CHROM Ε ORE GRAIN REFRACTORIES
R. F. Patrick
5. BASIC FUSION-CAST STEEL REFRACTORIES
A. M. Alper
R. C. Doman
R. N. McNally
6. CHROMITE SPINELS
Gene C. Ulmer
7. OXIDES OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Arnulf Mu an
Pari II
Oxides of Rare Earths, Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium,
Niobium and Tantalum
1. THORIA AND YTTRIA
Richard C. Anderson
2. REFRACTORY OXIDES OF THE LANTHANIDE AND ACTINIDE ELEMENTS
LeRoy Eyring
3. SINGLE-CRYSTAL TITANATES AND ZIRCONATES
M. Douglas Beals
4. ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE AND SOME OF ITS BINARY SYSTEMS
R. C. Garvie
5. ZIRCON AND ZIRCONATES
William J. Baldwin
xv
xvi CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
6. HAFNIUM OXIDE
C. T. Lynch
7. Nb O AND Ta O STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2 S 2 S
A. Reisman
F. Holtzberg
Part IV (tentative)
Refractory Glasses, Glass—Ceramics, Ceramics
1. REFRACTORY GLASSES
William H. Dumbaugh, Jr.
Joseph W. Malmendier
2. REFRACTORY GLASS-CERAMICS
George H. Beall
3. MULLITE
Joseph A. Pask
Robert F. Davis
4. OXIDE SPINELS
Thomas J. Gray
5. OXIDES CONTAINING TUNGSTEN
Bert Phillips
6. ZINC OXIDE
Thomas J. Gray
7. SLIP-CAST CERAMICS
Edward F. Adams
8. ZIRCONIA-ALUMINA-SILICA REFRACTORIES
Edward R. Begley
9. FUSION-CAST ALUMINA REFRACTORIES
William H. Bauer
Richard G. LaBar
10. GLASS NETWORK STRUCTURES
Harrold T. Smyth
1
Beryllium Oxide
D. T. Livey
I. INTRODUCTION
A great deal of research has been carried out on beryllium oxide in the
past ten years and some of the results reported in the last five years are
reviewed in this chapter. Most of the work has taken place within, or has
been sponsored by, nuclear establishments, because of the interest in beryl-
lium oxide for use in nuclear-reactor systems. This interest stimulated the
development of nuclear-grade powders and the research work has been
largely carried out on materials made from a relatively few grades of com-
mercially available powders. The compositions of powders frequently used
are given in Table I, taken mostly from analyses quoted by Bannister (1965).
These analyses may be regarded as typical for the powder grades quoted
but, of course, the composition relevant to material used in specific experi-
TABLE I
ANALYSES OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE POWDER GRADES
Powder
r
Milford Berylco CH CF Minox
α e
Element Haven UOX' ΡΥ60" Grade V Grade* Grade* ΑΟΧ AAA
Al 10 35 80 15 50 30 15 50
Ca 100 <20 <20 35 <20 100 35 35
Fe 40 25 25 15 <20 50 25 35
Mg 200 60 10 10 20 50 170 12
Na 3800 <35 <35 <35 <35 -35 750 80
Si 1600 50 25 40 50 100 395 70
Zn - <35 <35 <35 <35 <35 60 15
C — 310 340 650 400 1160 320 —
F 700 <5 <5 12 8 16 14 50
S 330 740 1470 870 230 2000 32 133
e
Product of Brush Beryllium Co. *Product of NGK Insulators.
"Product of Pechiney Co. Product of Mineral Concentrates and
c
Product of Beryllium Corp. Chemical Co.
1