[Magazine] The Biblical Archaeologist. Vol. 52. No 1

59 Pages·1989·14.84 MB·English

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BiblicalA rchaeologist
A Publicationo f the AmericanS choolso f OrientalR esearch Volume5 2 Number1 March1 989
ArchaeologicalS ourcesf or the History of Palestine
The Late Bronze Age 4
Albert Leonard, fr.
The texture of Canaan'sm aterialc ulture in the LateB ronzeA ge
variedi n responset o Egyptianp olitical and economic initiatives
directeda t more powerfuls tates to the east and north.
Introducingth e Authors 2
BookR eviews 40
On the cover: A niche in the small single-room temple in area C at Hazor was found to
contain a complement of cult furnishings that suggests it could have been the focus of a
lunar cult. Drawing by Linda Huff.
Biblical Archaeologist is published with the financial assistance of
the Endowmentf or Biblical Research,a nonsectarianf oundationf or
the study of the Bible and the history of the Christian Church.
Page4
In the Next BA
The Hittites
Int he second millenniumB .C.E.,
a groupo f Indo-Europeans
made theirw ay intoA natolia
and builta n empirer ivaling
thato f EgyptI. nt he nextd ouble
issueo f BAr, ead about the
culturalle gacy of thisi ntriguing
ancient people knownt oday
as the Hittites.
Photographco urtesyo f JeannyV orysC anby
Biblical Archaeologist, March 1989 1
the Authors
Introducing THE WORLD OFT HEO LD TESTAMENT
A. S. van der Woude, General Editor
A companiont o the popularW orldo f the
Bible,t his volume offersa detaileds urvey
of the historya nd literaturoef the Old
TestamentH. eret he readerw illf ind a
storehouseo f informatiotno enricha ny
inquiryin to the Old Testament.
i~i~i~ii:iaii8~~i:~~ .:
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" ::~::W::::y :: :::j: ancientN earE asternso urces.L ikei ts
""i "' ,,. "~I ii' choamndpbaonoiokwn ,Ta sh peWr epoarlrdeo dfb tyh ae dBiisbtlien,t- h is
guishedg roupo f contemporarDy utch
Cloth, $34.95 scholars.... Studentsa nd scholarsw ill
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judiciouslya nd fairlyT. hisi s an excellent,b alancedt reatmento f the
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- JOHN J. COLLINS
University of Notre Dame
Alsoa vailable
THE WORLD OF THE BIBLE
A. S. vand er Woude,G eneralE ditor
"Containas wealtho f informatioonn the subjects
-----------:c?ojiv:ei~r~eid::,i n a relativelcyo mpactf orma nd written
Albert Leonard,J r. in a quite readables tyle.... Event he specialiswt ill
..... .. . wantt he volumeo n his or hers helf ....'
-BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST
Currently Professor of Classics at the University of Ari-
zona in Tucson, Albert Leonard, Jr. received his Ph.D. ISBCNl 0o-t8h0, 2$83-42.49055 -6
from the Department of Near Eastern Languages and
Civilizations at The University of Chicago in 1976. His
dissertation was titled The Nature and Extent of the At your bookstore, or call 1-800-633-9326 FAX[phone]
Aegean Presencei n Syria-Palestined uringt he Late Bronze 878bw A1 l M. B. EERDMANPSU BLISHINGC O.
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Age. He has been active in field work in the Mediterranean
area, having directed or co-directed archaeological re-
search in Portugal (Mirobriga)S, icily (Cusumano,U lina,
and Castelazzo), Greece (Kouphonisi),C yprus (Kourion), NEH
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2 Biblical Archaeologist, March 1989
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ARCHAEOLOGYA ND THE EXODUS/
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Meeting
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he storyo f Mosesl eadingh is peopleo ut of Egypt
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GalaS ymposiuTmh: e 25thA nniversaroyf the HarvardS emitic These are some of the questions history professor and
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the biblicala ccounts of these events.
Archaeologyin BiblicaSl tudies
His theories are supported by recent
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BiblicalA rchaeologistM, arch1 989 3
Sources for the of Palestine
Archaeological History
Bronze
Te ate ge
by Albert Leonard, Jr.
heL atBe ronAzeg ein both events and help illuminate the will discuss each of the subphases of
Canaan began and ended more than three centuries of cul- the Late Bronze Age in Canaan-
with large-scalep opula- tural development that took place in first in terms of the history revealed
tion shifts: the Egyptian Canaan between them. In fact, Syro- by Egyptians ources and then in
repulsion of the so-called Hyksos Palestine can be seen better against view of Canaan'sc eramic, architec-
around1 550B .C.E. andt he incursion the backdropo f these Egyptianr ec- tural, and funerarye vidence. By this
of the multinational Sea Peoples just ords than at any other time in its juxtaposition of local archaeological
after1 200B .C.E. Egyptianr ecords prior history. dataw ith contemporaneousE gyptian
from this period provide details of Thus, in the following pages I historical materials, I hope to show
4 Biblical Archaeologist, March 1989
that the texture of Canaan'sm aterial
culture in the Late Bronze Age varied
in response to Egyptianp olitical and
economic initiatives, which, iron-
ically, were often directed towardt he
larger and more formidable states to
the north and east of Canaan.
Late Bronze IA
Late Bronze IA coveredr oughly one
hundred years. Its beginning corres-
ponded with the expulsion of the
Hyksos from Egyptb y Amosis, first
pharaoho f the Eighteenth
Dynasty,1
and its end came with the attack of
Tuthmosis III,s ixth pharaoh of the
dynasty, on the Canaanite fortress of
Megiddo.T his is a very confusing
period in the archaeological record,
marked by destructions and partial
abandonments.
EgyptianH istorical Evidence. For
the hundred years prior to 1550 B.C.E.
much of Egyptw as ruled by a group
of foreigners.L aterk nown as the
Hyksos and designated as the Fif-
teenth and Sixteenth Dynasties, this
group,p robablyA siatics, had its
capital at Avaris (Telle d-Dabca)i n
the eastern Delta (Bietak 1986). It
was the Seventeenth Dynasty pha-
raoh, Kamose, or possibly his prede-
cessor Sekenenre,w ho first rebelled
against the Hyksos (Pritchard1 950:
232). An account of the Egyptian
attack on Avarisa nd its subsequent
destruction was found in the tomb
Above:A lthough small religious structures with a single cult focus appear to have been the norm during Late BronzeI B, a rambling religious
precinct in stratum IX at Beth Shan can now be dated to this period. Called the "T7thmoseI II Temple"b y its excavators,t he precinct, probably
dedicated to numerous deities, has yielded many steles, including this one. In the upperr egistera dog and a male lion of similar size wrestle
while standing on their back legs. In the bottom register a dog bites the hindquarterso f a striding lion. It is doubtful that such a costly
monument was erected as a memorial to the hunting dog, but loftier interpretationsh ave not been offered.F roma n artistic standpoint, the
stele is as good a piece of stone sculpture as anything from Late Bronze Syro-PalestineP. hotographc ourtesy of the Israel Department of
Antiquities and Museums. Left: "Sevent imes and seven times, I bow down on my back and belly,"i s one of the claims made in the Amarna
letters by Canaanite vassals expressing their subservience and loyalty to Egyptianr ulers during Late BronzeI IA (el-Amarnal etter 323; Mercer
1939: 771).O n this relief from the Memphite tomb of Horemheb,l ast pharaoh of the EighteenthD ynasty, a mixed groupo f foreignerss eems to
be acting out their devotion beforeo ne of the pharaoh'ss ervants. The groupc onsists of five full-beardedS yrians,e ach wearing a long-sleeved
garment with a shoulder cape; an additional Syrian whose wavy hair is tied up like a hat and who wears a kilt with long tassels; two Libyans
distinguished by their sharpp ointy beards and the feather protrudingf rom their long straight hair; and a beardless figure,p ossibly that of an
African. Photographc ourtesy of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden.
Biblical Archaeologist, March 1989 5
Dividing the Late Bronze Age
Albright Wright Amiran Weinstein Kenyon
The
archaeological 1570 Pharaoh 1949 1965b 1970 1981 1973
recordfo rt he
Amosis
LateB ronzeA ge 1550
A
in Palestinies ,
oftenu ncertain. Amenophis I
Scholarhs ave 1525
LB IA ? ,' ?
offered Tuthmosis I
varying
of
chronologies
Tuthmosis II LB IA
its 1500o ---------- - ,' B
phases.
Hatshepsut
LB IA
ess than forty years ago William F.
L
Albright (1949)m ade the first intelli- 1475
gent attempts to synthesize our under-
standing of the late Bronze Age at more STuthmosis III
than one Palestinian site. At that time
there wasn't much material for the criti-
cal archaeologistt o use. Fori nstance, Late 1450 - -------- - LBIALBB
Bronze I was simply subdivided into an
LB IB
early phase (Late Bronze IA), which Al-
bright saw as representedb y level II at Tell Amenophis II c
el-cAjjula nd stratum IX at Megiddo,w ith
their characteristic elaborate Bichrome
Warep ottery.A second phase (LateB ronze 1425 - ----------- -LBIB
IB) was considered "somewhat of a step- Tuthmosis IV
child" until the excavation of the lowest
7
stratum (StructureI ) of the Fosse Temple
at Lachish provided Albright with what
he considered suitable archaeological 1400
deposits. Albright admitted that the sub- Amenophis III
division of Late Bronze II was difficult to
achieve with accuracy,b ut he offered an LB IIA LB IIA
early subphase, Late Bronze IIA, which S
roughly corresponded to the fourteenth ---------LB IIA LB IIA Gap?
1375
century B.C.E(. the Amarnap eriod and the Amenophis IV
shift from the Eighteenth to the Nine- (Akhenaten)
teenth Dynasties), and a later subphase, Sm- -e n- h- a- r-e -- - -
Late Bronze IIB,w hich dated to the thir- AmenphisaIre
teenth century B.C.E.( the Ramesside The sequenceo f majorE gyptiapnh araohosf t he NewK ingdoman dt hec hronologicasul bdivisions
period). His rule of thumb for placing of the LateB ronzeA gea s proposedb yW illiamE Albright( 1949)G, . ErnesWt right( 1965b),
homogeneous deposits within this skele- RBruothnA zeAm gireag nr(o 1u9p7s0a )las, on adrJ eai mncelsMu d.e WdA.e ibnssotleuint(e1 d 9a8te1s)Da . raemt heoK seaf tohllleoewnKe debn yy tohne '(Cs1 a9m73b)Lr aidteg e
ton was overly reliant, however,o n Myce- AncientH istoryC. onversionto the newd atesp roposedb y K.A . Kitchen( 1987)c anb e achieved
naean Greek and Cypriot imports whose by consultingt he reignso f specificp haraohgs iveni n the text. Whena n authorh asg ivena n
6 Biblical Archaeologist, March 1989
Albright Wright Amiran Weinstein Kenyon chronological sequences were just then
1360 Pharaoh 1949 1965b 1970 1981 1973 becoming known (Leonard1 987b;H ankey
1987). In his later writings Albright con-
135T0u tankhamun Gap? tinued to refine his original categories,
1350 w~ Ay and most scholars follow at least a modi-
fied version of his chronology. Both G.
LB IIA LB IIA D Ernest Wright (1965b)a nd Ruth Amiran
(1970),f or instance, have divided the peri-
Horemheb
,., Horemheb LB IIA LBI IA od into LateB ronzeI , LateB ronzeI IA, and
1325 - Late BronzeI IB.
The other major attempt to create a
Ramesses I chronological yardstick for the Late
Bronze Age material from Syro-Palestine
Sethos I was made by the British archaeologist
1300 E Dame Kathleen Kenyon, who devised a
E system based on a reevaluation of the
excavatedm aterial from Megiddo,H azor,
Lachish, and other sites (1973: 527-30).
Kenyon selected only those individual
deposits that she was convinced displayed
1275 sufficient archaeological (that is, strati-
Ramesses II graphical)i ntegrity for chronological pur-
poses, and she arrangedt hem into seven
groups (A through G). In Albright'st erms
LBIIB LBIIB
these groups can be summarized as Late
1250 SF LB IIB LB IIB Bronze IA (GroupsA and B), Late Bronze
IB (GroupC ), Late Bronze IIA (latter part
of GroupC , a gap,a nd Group D), and Late
Bronze IIB( GroupsE , F,a nd G).
In spite of her keen eye for strati-
Merneptah graphical detail and her implicit caveat
1225 against placing too much emphasis on
Amnenmesses sites that were poorly excavated during
Sethos II Gap? the infancy of the discipline, Kenyon's
Siptah system has not been widely accepted.
This is most probablyt he result of prac-
Tewosret
1200 tical matters such as confusion over the
Sethnakhte relationship between Groups A and B, the
fifty-yearh iatus between Groups C and D
(given the absolute dates with which she
was working, this gap covers almost the
Ramesses III
e G entire Amarna period), and another sub-
1175 0G stantial gap between Groups F and G at
- - - - - - the end of the Late Bronze Age.
In 1981J amesM . Weinstein produced
an important synthesis of the archae-
ological and literary material bearing on
absoluted atet hatd ateh asb eenu sedi n the chart;w hena dateh asb eene xpressedin termso f a the chronology of the Late Bronze Age.
pharaohr'se ign,t he dateh asb eene xtrapolatetdo the CambridgAe ncientH istoryd ates;w hen After reviewing the Egyptian as well as
bthoitsh ias pmhoasrtl aiokhelr'yse t iog rnae fnldeac tnt h aeb osroilguitneda avl tieea wrseo o ff tfheree adut,ht heo prhT. ahriaso chha'rser itag tnth eamsb petseo nnu lyset od b,a es a n the Syro-Palestiniane vidence, Weinstein
approximatiobny the author. arriveda t the relative chronology that is
used in this article.
Biblical Archaeologist, March 1989 7
The so-called Midgal Temple( number2 048) in area BB at Megiddo
had its origin in Middle Bronze( left) but continued in use during
Late BronzeI A (middle) and IIA (right).T he final phase, however,
was much less impressive. With walls about half their original
thickness, the structurei n stratum VIIAh ardly deserves the use of
the epithet "migdal,"m eaning fortified. Drawing by Lois A. Kain.
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of an Egyptiano fficer, Ahmose son emphasis on his prowess in maneu-
of Eben, at el-Kabi n southern Egypt. Smalcl ity-states vering the swift horse-drawn,s poke-
It was left to the next pharaoh, wheeled chariot. In PapyrusA nastasi
Amosis,2t o complete the rebellion in Syro-Palestine I, which dates to the Nineteenth
by leading a three-years iege against banded Dynasty, the royal scribe Hori taunts
Sharuhen,t he Hyksos stronghold in together his rival Amen-em-Opet:" Givem e
southern Palestine. Thus, the Hyk- in LateB ronzeIA (thy)r eport in ordert hat I may ...
sos were expelled from the Delta and speak proudly to others of thy desig-
ultimately driven back into Palestine to defendth em- nation 'maryan.'" To which Hori
and then Syria (Dever 1987). selvesa gainst replies: "Ik now how to hold the
The military career of Ahmose reins more skillfully than thou,
son of Eben continued through the whatt heys aw there is no warriorw ho is my equal"
reign of pharaohA menophis I4 and (Albright 1930-1931: 217; Pritchard
into that of Tuthmosis I,5w hom he as a bigger 1950: 475-79).
claimed to have accompanied as far The Mitannian capital, Washu-
north into Syria as the great bend in threatE, gypt. kanni, was located somewhere in
the EuphratesR iver.T his does not the region of the headwaters of the
seem to have been an idle boast, for Habur River,b ut its exact location is
the later pharaohT uthmosis IIIr e- of Indo-Europeansr uling a substra- still unknown and its suggested
corded that his grandfatherT uth- tum of Hurrians (Merrillees 1986). association with Tell Fakhariyehh as
mosis I had erected a victory stele on The chariot-owningn obility who yet to be proven either by excavation
the east bank of that great river (Prit- formed the upper crust of Mitanni or neutron-activation analysis of per-
chard 1950: 239; see also Spalinger were called mariyanna, a term al- tinent cuneiform tablets that were
1978). This would have brought the most certainly to be equated with suspected to have been written in
Egyptiansf ace to face with the king- the Indo-Europeanw ord marya, Washukannio n local clays (McEwan
dom of Mitanni, a North Syrian which means "youngm an"o r "young 1958; Dobel, Asaro, and Michel
group made up of a small aristocracy warrior"( Drower1 973: 420), with 1976). At this time Mitanni was the
8 Biblical Archaeologist, March 1989