[Magazine] The Biblical Archaeologist. Vol. 30. No 4

48 Pages·1967·5.86 MB·English

The
BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST
or-"~
Published by
THE AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH
Jerusalem and Bagdad
Room 102, 6 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. XXX December, 1967 No. 4
S: .-. - _-: i: l ..i.:....::. .
? . .:.. .:...i...
Fig. 1. Tell el-Husn, the site of Beth-shan. In the foreground is the Jalud, running north of the
mound. Photo courtesy of James B. Pritchard and the University Museum of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania.
Contents
Tell el-Husn - Biblical Beth-shan,b y Henry O. Thompson ....................................110
The Temple Scroll, by Yigael Yadin .................................................... 135
Index to Volumes XXVI-XXX,p reparedb y Robert G. Anderson,J r .......................140
110 THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXX,
The Biblical Archaeologist is published quarterly (February, May, September, December)
by the American Schools of Oriental Research. Its purpose is to meet the need for a readable,
non-technical, yet thoroughly reliable account of archaeological discoveries as they relate to the
Bible.
Editor: Edward F. Campbell, Jr., with the assistance of Floyd V. Filson in New Testament
matters. Editorial correspondence should be sent to the editor at 800 West Belden Avenue, Chica-
go, Illinois, 60614.
Editorial Board: W. F. Albright, Johns Hopkins University; G. Ernest Wright, Harvard
University; Frank M. Cross, Jr., Harvard University; William G. Dever, Jerusalem.
Subscriptions: $3.00 per year, payable to the American Schools of Oriental Research,
Room 102, 6 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 62138. Associate members of
ASOR receive the journal automatically. Ten or more subscriptions for group use, mailed and
billed to the same address, $2.00 per year apiece. Subscriptions run for the calendar year. In En-
gland: twenty-four shillings (24s.) per year, payable to B. H. Blackwell, Ltd., Broad Street,
Oxford. Back numbers: $1.00 per issue and $4.00 per volume, from the ASOR office. Please
make remittance with order.
The journal is indexed in Art Index, Index to Religious Periodical Literature, and at the end
of every fifth volume of the journal itself.
Second-class postage PAID at Cambridge, Massachusetts and additional offices.
Copyright by American Schools of Oriental Research, 1967.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BY TRANSCRIPT PRINTING COMPANY
PETERBOROUGH, N. H.
Tell el-Husn - Biblical Beth-shan
HENRYO . THOMPSON
New York Theological Seminary
The valley of Jezreel is seldom more than a few miles wide as it passes
between Mt. Gilboa on the south and the hills of Galilee on the north. It
passes sea level about two miles from the Esdraelon valley and then drops
to 400 feet below sea level in nine miles. Then the valley falls over a ledge
and 300 feet below merges with the Jordan valley. On top of this ledge,
thirty-five miles east of Haifa and twenty miles east of Nazareth, fifty miles
north of Jerusalem and four miles west of Jordan, and fifteen miles south
of the Sea of Galilee, stands Tell el-Husn, the Mound of the Fortress. It
guards one of the approaches to the Jezreel (and hence to Esdraelon) in
one direction and to the Jordan valley in the other. In the whole length of
Palestine, this is the only lowland route from the Mediterranean to the
Jordan. What is more, the Jordan has shallow fords here, giving a fairly
easy access to the eastern plateau of Transjordan. This combination makes
the Esdraelon-Jezreelc orridor extremely important as a trade and general
travel route. Another ancient road ran north and south on the edge of the
Jordan valley from Jericho to Hazor. "The Fortress" stands at the cross-
roads of these two routes. This location made it a key to both military
and commercial operations in northern Palestine.
This is biblical Beth-shan (I Sam. 31:10, 12; II Sam. 21:13) or
Beth-shean (Josh. 17:11, 16; Judg. 1:27; I Kings 4:12; I Chr. 7:29). It
is the Nysa, or more prominently, the Scythopolis (II Macc. 12:19; Judith
3:9f.) of the Greeks and of the Decapolis of New Testament times. It was
the only one of the Ten Cities which was on the western side of the
1967, 4) THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST 111
Jordan. It is the Bit-sani of the Tell el-Amarna letters and the Bati-shar
of Egyptian inscriptions, and the name lingers on in the present day Beisan.
This was one of the cities which the invading Israelites did not conquer,
but later put to tribute. Tribally, it belonged to Manasseh. The bodies of
Saul and Jonathan were hung on its walls by the Philistines after the king
and his son died on Mt. Gilboa a few miles to the west. The city formed
part of the district of Baana, one of Solomon's officers who provided food
for the king and his household. All this, of course, gives the site a relation-
ship to Israelite history, but its main potential in the eyes of its excavators
(and no doubt its inhabitants through the centuries) was its commanding
location.
The Excavations
George B. Gordon, Director of the University Museum, University
of Pennsylvania, and Clarence S. Fisher, then Curator of the Egyptian
Section of the Museum, visited the site in the spring of 1919. The tell was
overgrown with brush. It was between 131 feet (on the south) and 213
feet (on the north) high and approximately one-half mile in circumference
at the base (900 feet long from northeast to southwest). In the wadi to the
north runs the Nahr Jalud, a major source of water in antiquity but today
a stream of sewage (possibly overflow from the Jezreel fish ponds), three
to four feet wide and several feet deep. The Jalud is 610 feet below sea
level at this point. The Jalud ravine cuts sharply into the plain, separating
the tell from the plain on the north. Another wadi runs east to join the
Jalud east of the tell. This other wadi separates the tell from the present
day village of Beisan to the south and up on the plain. In the bottom of
this wadi is the Scythopolis theater, currently being restored by the Israeli
Department of Antiquities.
The tell itself, and the spur on which it stands, slopes steeply in every
direction but west, from which it is readily accessible. The north and east
sides do not have a uniform slope. Originally they formed a terrace about
eighty-five feet below the summit. At the time Gordon and Fisher looked
it over, the tell was an archaeologist'sd ream. It had been the private prop-
erty of the Turkish Sultan and had no buildings or orchards or other
hindrances to excavation. The Museum Expedition proceeded with Fisher
as Director for three years, 1921-1923, who was followed by Alan Rowe,
1925-1928, and Gerald M. FitzGerald, 1930, 1931, and 1933.1
1. In addition to interim reports, the following report details of the excavations, building measure-
ments, etc.: A. Rowe, Topography and History of Beth-shan (1930) and Four Canaanite Temples
(1940); G. FitzGerald, Four Canaanite Temples: The Pottery (1930), A Sixth Century Mon-
astery (1941), and Beth-shan Excavations, 1921-1923 (1931). Other important bibliography in-
cludes F. James, Expedition III (1961), 31-6; G. E. Wright, The Pottery of Palestine from the
Earliest Times to the End of the Early Bronze Age (1937); Wright and F. V. Filson, The West-
minster Historical Atlas to the Bible (1956); and H. O. Thompson, "The Evidence for the Iden-
tification of Mekal, the God of Beth-shan" (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Drew University,
1964).
112 THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXX,
In several of the seasons, work was carried on in the cemetery, one
of the largest in Palestine. It is on the north bank of the Jalud facing the
tell. The graves range from Byzantine times back to the 3rd millennium,
with the oldest at the top of the slope. In spite of cave-ins and robbing,
the cemetery produced a number of objects. Among them were the remains
of pottery coffins (anthropoid sarcophagi) with the head (of the deceased?)
and part of the torso modeled in relief on the removable lid. Several, if
not all of these, are now known to have been Philistine.2 On the plain
above the cemetery, a 6th century A.D. monastery was discovered in 1930,
while more recently, a 5th-7th centuries A.D. synagogue has been exca-
vated nearby.
Early in the course of excavation, a trial trench was dug on the north
of the tell. Starting from the level of the terrace, the excavators dug into
the summit, and then down several meters. They hoped to reach bed-rock
or virgin soil, but gave up when they realized that the inhabited depth of
the tell was much greater than anticipated. While the reports are not
completely consistent, one of the most fascinating angles of the excavation
was that no evidence for destruction by fire was found for any level of the
city's history. Neither were any fortification walls recognized on the tell
below the Byzantine level. The very first level was Arabic and was com-
pletely removed. A considerable area of the summit was cleared down to
Level V. Early in the excavations a great "cutting" was made in the south
side. It was here that the series of temples was discovered in Levels V-IX,
and here in the last campaign that a deep sounding was made to virgin
soil, revealing additional levels to a total of eighteen. At least five of these
had two phases. In the virgin soil were several dwelling pits. All told
then, there are twenty-four strata of occupation, stretching over 6,000 years
of intermittent occupation, from 19th century Arabic back to ca. 4000 B.C.
The Pre-Biblical Period
We may never know the age of the levels of this period. FitzGerald's
deep sounding which revealed Levels XI-XVIII came in 1933. He published
a preliminary report of the pottery and one of the sounding itself, but the
material has never been published in full.3 The problem is more compli-
cated than simple lack of publication however. The earliest levels are
complicated by our general lack of knowledge of what was going on in
Palestine in the 4th millennium B.C.,4 while Levels XI and XII are mixed
and difficult to interpret.
2. Wright, BA, XXII (1959), 53-66; reprinted in The BA Reader, 2 (1964), 59-68.
3. Museum Journal, XXIV (1935), 5-32, and Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly, LXVI (1934),
123-34.
4. Wright, The Bible and the Ancient Near East (1961; hereafter BANE), pp. 78-81; K. Kenyon,
Archaeology of the Holy Land (1960; hereafter Kenyon), p. 69.
1967, 4) THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST 113
A number of settlements have been discovered in Palestine which had
underground or sunken dwellings. Whether the troglodyte or semi-troglo-
dyte people lived this way for protection or for convenience is unknown.
Jericho had pit dwellings as early as 4500 B.C. When first excavated, they
were thought to be robberp its for clay. Later, stratifiedl ayers of living debris
were discovered in the pits, and the interpretation was changed. Perhaps
future excavation of the remaining Beth-shan pits will discover the same.
The information that we have now is that the pottery of the pits and of
Level XVIII was all of the same type, but there were two feet of debris
under the walls of XVIII down to virgin soil. One of these walls was built
over the top of a pit. The pottery itself has similarities to early Megiddo,
Jericho and Syria, with a calendar spread of over 1,000 years (4500-3600
-~?-- ?:::: :::::- ~::"::::::r:: _:::_:::i:::.i:l~i:ii-;~::
~::::~
i::::-n
~~ -:r-~-9~- :i~:~s-6rii~::~Y:-j~:::?:iU.::::-:::~i::::::::ui:1:~::::i::_:-:i::?:~:::::i:?:':-::-::::::: ::-:_::::::::::-::;:i:-~-::i:'i::i:1::;-:::i:::;:l:: :~:i::::~ :-i::-:::-i-:.::":::i:- ::::-:::i::::?:::: ? ?g;::-:~: :
8~ ~
'''?:~l~:8-i~~-:xX"::-::,-\:-::-:::::I::,:i-:-:~:?; :.:i:::::i~r~::.
i`iii- ::::::::I
j: ::::::::::,
`:'::
::: 8~R-i:::
:::~:::j
::-:i:i~:1 :?::a
::s-:a::::::
::n:
Fig. 2. Painted chevron decoration on a pottery sherd from one of the "pits" below Level XVIII
at Beth-shan. Photo courtesy of Joseph Saad and the Palestine Archaeological Museum.
B.C.). The painted chevron in the example (Fig. 2) is a case in point.5
It resembles both the earlier vertical Neolithic chevrons of Jericho IX and
the Early Chalcolithic chevrons of the Yarmukian culture, ca. 4000 B.C.
But the latter are incised, rather than painted.
The first storage bins are found in Level XVII and the first copper
implements (axes, a knife, and two needles) are found in Level XVI.
One interesting find in the latter level was an apsidal house. The earliest
appearances of this type of construction (round on one end and square
5. This sherd is pictured along with other "pit pottery" in Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly,
LXVI (1934), P1. II (after page 134).
114 THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXX,
or rectangular on the other) are in Palestine: Meser (33rd cent.). Megiddo
(ca. 3000), and Beth-shan. It is found at Troy (ca. 3000 B.C.) and con-
tinuously in Greece from the Middle Bronze to the Hellenistic period.
Sardis had an apsidal building in the 6th century, and, through Persian
and Hellenistic artisans, it may be the prototype for the apsidal temples
(Chaitya Halls) of India (2nd cent. B.C. to the Middle Ages).
The first wheel-made pottery was found in Level XV. Among the
pottery types of Level XIII were flat base and stump base pitchers. These
are the two principal forms linking Palestine with the Ist Dynasty of
Egypt, now dated as beginning ca. 2850 B.C. XIII was distinguished from
other levels by long ribbon-like flint knives. Although the "Bronze Age"
was well along by this time, flint continued to be used at Beth-shan, as in
other parts of Palestine, until the Iron Age.
According to the excavator, the period represented by Level XII had
started, but, at an early stage within it, Khirbet Kerak (Beth-Yerah IV)
pottery (KK ware) suddenly appeared. The latter continued into Level XI
and just as suddenly stopped. KK ware arrived in Palestine ca. 2600 B.C.
and lasted about 200 )years.I t apparently originated in Anatolia and arrived
in Syria with some disturbance, suggesting an invasion. No such disturb-
ance accompanied it to Palestine, however, and Beth-shan is a case in point.
This suggests trade or commerce. The ware is noted for its burnish (inside
and out) and diagonal, shallow fluting, perhaps made with the finger-tips
in the moist clay. The fluting sometimes ends in a curlicue, which may
represent the sun.
With KK ware continuously present, the division between XII and
XI is obscure. The date of XI is further complicated by its division into
two phases. The second phase has Hyksos ware in scattered places. This
should make Level XIA Middle Bronze, but an alternate interpretation
is that the Hyksos material is intrusive and really belongs to Level XB.6
Beth-shan was being excavated when scientific archaeology in Palestine
was still in swaddling clothes. Dr. William F. Albright was just giving this
"toddler"d iscipline the helping hand it needed to get up to really walk
and grow into the giant it is today. On the other hand, anyone with field
experience, who has actually tried to dig stratigraphically,k nows that there
are times when it is virtually impossible to tell where one phase or level
stops and another starts. Sometimes careful control and analysis of the
pottery can be as determinative as the colorless soil. If Beth-shan could be
excavated again, it would have to be done with great stratigraphicc are as
a matter of course. But what has been called Level XI would require as
much painstaking care as has ever been practiced in archaeology.
6. Ibid., p. 132; Museum Journal, XXIV (1935), 20f.
1967, 4) THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST 115
The Middle Bronze Age
The period called Middle Bronze I, the 21st and 20th centuries B.C.,
is conspicuous at Beth-shan by the small quantity of material daltable to
it. G. Ernest Wright has noted MB I material in a tomb and mixed in
with Level XI (presumably XIA). The two burials discovered in the trial
trench dug off the terrace are dated ca. 1750 B.C. Rope molding decoration
appears in XIA. This type of decoration died out in the Chalcolithic age
and then re-appearedc a. 2000 B.C. Envelope ledge handles and combing
decoration appear here.7 These remains rather naturally suggest the occa-
sional visit of wandering nomads rather than sedentary occupation. Perhaps
Abraham himself stopped by on his way to Shechem!
The remains of a large tower of Level X still stood ten feet high. Its
foundations had been dug down into Level XII. The debris of Level X
was more than three feet deep. Each of the two levels, XA and XB (the
latter is lower and older), consisted of a number of small rooms, in very
ruined condition. A jar burial with the bones of an infant, was found
underneath the floor of a house of XA, like the Hyksos burials intrusive
in XII and XI. Some tanged, broad-bladed daggers were found in Level
X. There were many scarabs in XA but none in XB. This sharp distinction
in the presence of scarabs plus the older pottery might suggest that XB is
pre-Hyksos, since scarabs are fairly common in other Hyksos sites. How-
ever, Level X as a whole is dated in the 16th century. If Pharaoh Ahmose
destroyed Level XB, ca. 1550 B.C., XA may represent the remnants of
the Hyksos who lingered for a time. Level XA may have lasted until Tuth-
mose III's campaign in 1468 B.C., but Wright suggests it lasted until
1400 B.C.8 This carries us into the time of Israel's enslavement in Egypt.
Before we turn directly to the Late Bronze age, we might take note of
Vronwy Hankey's observation that "from the Middle Bronze period onward,
Beth-shan exported locally-made gypsum vases which imitated
Egyptianl
vases in calcite, among them the baggy alabastron well known to Minoant
and Mycenaean potters. Beth-shan also invented a new shape in stone, the
two-handled pyxis or straight-sided alabastron."9
The Late Bronze and Iron I Ages
As mentioned above, a series of temples was discovered in the "great
south cutting" of the tell. The oldest temple was in the earliest clearly
Late Bronze level, Level IX. The series of temples were all roughly in the
same area in subsequent levels, but there was no evidence of any sacral
use of the site prior to Level IX. This implies that the "sacral"d esignation
7. Wright, BANE, pp. 87, 89; Kenyon, pp. 142, 144, 146. For Middle Bronze I pottery, cf.
Museum Journal, XXIV (1935), P1. IX, Nos. 13 and 14.
8. Wright, BANE, p. 93; Kenyon, pp. 138, 142, 165-77.
9. American Journal of Archaeology, LXX (1966), 170.
116 THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXX,
was related to the Egyptian occupation beginning in the 14th (15th?)
century. There has been some divergence on the dates of the temples and
their related city levels, which extend into the Iron Age. It is to be hoped
that pottery typology studies currently being carried out in relation to
Shechem will clarify the problems. Variant views are represented by
the following chart.t0
City
Levels Albright Kenyon Wright Maisler
IX 14th century ?-1350 - 1400- 1300-
VIII end 14th, 1350-1300
beginningo f
13th century
VII 13th century 1300-1150 -1200 -1175/65
VIA 12th century 1150-1100 12th 1175/65
century -1120
VIB 1100-1000
V 1075-1000 1000-850 1075-1000 1050-920
(918) (temples:
1000-Persian
Period)
IV Levels IV and 920-733
III are
Persian,
Hellenistic,
and Roman
Level IX: Albright'sd ate is based upon the Aegean and wishbone-handled
ware of Beth-shanI X along with much local painted pottery which he
comparesw ith Jericho and Tell Beit Mirsim Level C,. He has seen
unpublishedp hotographso f the pottery,w hich Miss Kenyonh as not seen
so she follows his dating of Level IX.
The temple complex of Level IX is generallyc alled the Temple of
Mekal. The "room"l abeled No. 11 on the plan (Fig. 3) is sometimes
called the NorthernT emple, while the Mekal Temple is called the South-
ern Temple. The formerl abel seems to be left over from initial excavation
reports which made the suggestionb efore it was completelye xcavated.
10. W. F. Albright, ASSOR, XVII (1937), 76; Kenyon, pp. 218f., 235f., 251, 272; Wright, BANE,
pp. 93f., 97; B. Maisler (Mazar), Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society, XVI (1951), ii-v.
1967, 4) THE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST 117
While the plan might give the impression that # 10 filled some sacred
function, the few artifacts found in it offer no encouragement. Thus we
are left with a single temple in Level IX, but this one is of such size
and significance as to leave no room for disappointment.
10
<1PS TE
7 5
/\
S6 4
LION
pANEL
o 5 10 15 2O
SCAL.L M" T-RS
Fig. 3. Plan of Level IX at Beth-shan. Number 9 is the massibah, while 10 and 11 are temple
buildings. On the walls of the latter, represented here by rectangles, were brick pedestals
which probably served as bases for posts holding up the superstructure. Redrawn by Guy
van Swearingen from Rowe, Topography and History of Beth-shan, Fig. 1.
A great temenos wall runs along the south side. The plan shows that
it is double (one is tempted to say case-mate) for part of its length. For
all of its size (fifteen feet thick), it can hardly have been a defensive
wall, since it leaves the temple completely open to the east (and the rising
sun). Its function must have been to block off the view of the people
from the altar (#7) and the imassibah (#9). Of special interest to us,
before going inside rthe temple, is the lion and the dog panel (Fig. 4)
found within the bay formed by the two towers at the end of the wall. It
is a basalt slab, about 36" x 28" x 9", and is currently on display in the
South Octagon of the Palestine Archaeological Museum. The picture hardly
does it justice. It is a unique piece of art. There is nothing quite like it in
the whole of Ancient Near Eastern art. There are many parallels to details,
however. These include the formation of the limbs, tails, heads, ears, and
such markings as the mane, the muzzles, ribs, and the star in its radial
118 . ..... - T. HE BIBLICALA RCHAEOLOGIST (Vol. XXX,
J-?.". g?r- .lo-V k .11-..k0"- I ,? -S.AI-.'.o .:.pi?7?.w'? ?. 2 1T-;1V0 .- .? m.y, ,W1:;.. i: '; .v*.w0 P??.. 1':? .'..t?.; .'* oQo% ..'"eN? ?I":.v%:.'*4.".: -*-.' ' ,:. ?-f.- '?:?:' -...T .''.Z'.V? x.,s Ip* ; n" ;: :-......? ?i Y. ,..'..'. . ,'. ., .' - ': ?. .0::3. ?? .. . --., t. o . ?V --l'"-,'-.. .,'.." ?? ?.. . . .1*.?.,. :. 1;; 1. . .?:'.?, w1.v: '?A , .; . : ? ;,.P-. :".- p. .xo. ". "?'.- vN.'.?.I.? " .e??- A '' ..n'7.- " ? ... : ;. ?, -:-. .'4? ?, ... i- : :-Q.* ' ':.?.?--., ,7 ..?.' - .'. !?'.. -7.' ;.? '?.. .. I "i ,'':?.,? .?x' ':' v...M"- '%N?'. ."'I'?."', .- .' :.., .:-?' -..?..7?f' ?. ?IA0?.. . .g: ?: , -, ?,. ,-. . ..? ?.' 7;" ?. .1 ?X' ??''- .:?'''. ?: ',,,.5',.a .. ' ".?... .'?,.W1? 1.? . . .? . . .w,.QI .-." ?,I : E- '-' ."I -??I Te- 1."'?'?. ." -, 'ns? - .7. " - "I.p ?:' : ::"";'. '1".O." .-, 1?'? ?: ::.?.I :-, ;:,:. .?...; . :?!.??. , ???,1. '. ''I. "'-T,' . q ? & i.. ?.0 A. :.'-- X` V1?$', ,, - .?, - .'?-, ';? ?A v, ?: :.? I?" "?-.: ? , .A..: ?'-- 0 ' t. , ?' .,.:?.. .;'r'; ??'..,, '7,m:; 'e- ?':q- -:??1 x, A", 0W.-t .""? ':,I V '., . .''??'-' . ? , ". .1?-'" .?.? ..M?.. .0: '0' '?1.?:-? ?. ? ,!..I ,? : -*.1? ." v:-????' ": ?. '. r?!'", '?'4.' .. ' ' .,....?'..' ? n ?- ??'1V n1O ,:-. - ?. ?' ?- ,1Q: ??.. '. ''-- -I'!I 1 ?- ,,-x .'" ? ''A.j?' ,.:. ,. ?-. : '.?.9? ?:1 " 1?1' 1. '?, -":?, 0 " 6 ,"1.; : .-v??4 - : . 1:,","??? .y.7.'?. - ":?., .. .? .: -.,'; ?,-- ' ? - ' .,? ' ::? 1 I-. '.?' . .?.??x.: " '..* :?,.% ? 1 ""1?'- ?,A.I s.*-?::I ?. :,\ ... ? ? ?,?, 1,,o. ?I?' .- ,? '.-. '. N,%::': ???'-?> : '. ?.- .' ;. I ? -S:"1?? . I.. .A ;,- 1?' - -"? . ? . ..' .- - -?,. ,.1 -. 1.?''"1Is? ..-..:*. -.0. . ".,^. -A,? ?7 ;?e .: ?, :X..?'os ?,:';, ..;..:" '* "o.."":0? . :*v*?? ''O'.. -". ' .f- -. ?>M, ..?:?. " ': ?1.'.?' ?" . -- ." - o?. ?- ?Ir 7?1?,.? Xv.. -" x. s .: ?I?" :.,, . 0- I .T .f -."? 1Y ' .?.." *s..` 1:.?.. ? ,- !' ?:.'? 1,' ?'?". ?'"."i: :!.* `"x ??7 .' . ?, .-?'."-,I% ' - '?I." ,.? ?,, .- 0: . ;? ?.. . ?:.... ';:: :?`. 'x 7-1> ., ' '?."1.'. . ?- ...'? ? ."1'.,,? :.::- ? ,. ?? .?-' Y ';- :.-I, ?? ..?" .-' .10?...': .. ! .-lT :: . ..I";. -" '?1 :..IN?. ' ?.:I.'?,xI', %.; . m:.: ? . F Q.? :-.? , - ?-??'?"?.?,.,'''?:? .?I ?..! .1.I%... I :. .,I,. .,sX.$: :.--:,'.",".:. . :.-ok"*: ',, - .? 7, ;'", - ?.-. . ?, :1'--I' .:%. >.?'''-.:'??'.1 .:;.? :.' O?: ' .: . '-?4 - '.W?.M. .;' %??'.Vv n..'g " . , . -,I,x- e1 -.IXI. i. ... ..'' ;- . - ..'.?-7 :. 7.?". ??: .. .'? ? -A,., ?. .v: q.?'?.. .! 1"-; :.-.?:?. :e.?'?- 1.r..'-'.'?. :. .?.? " 'o'i?'?Wg.?i' ""* ,?. , ,-4-w --, .?"-",7, ''"? ..'Y.X : - ; 1.MW. . ?' % . ..1:I'..' ? . :...'--.: -,' 1.,'':- :"''?,?.. . w% .1X? m '.. ? ?'1*.'- : . .Q' . .?j.e..--"..'' 1... . ..r; 1?'- :?-1 .i .A,K0 --,,- -.. :.-,':`' -v':.' ..."? ?;.i.-.,? .:k. ' -."'?.i, .v? .'...q ?..i .'. .-. . Q..K" ' .. -.'.. '"??v ?'gae..:-' m .: .n.. ; 4. -m ::-O..,-, ,.g: .<. W,..?.. . n ' ,,? : "..-?j.. .P* '... ..-.4U.' ? ?j? . 'vo.-? .-. ... ?I .", ::. .X....?? ?...." 1 '? ... 1 i :?.: :n1?.?- ?" - ; .. .; r." ? ...:'.V.. ..."-? 1A ? ""-. 0I.'.1?I:. "- ,,.,."1. ?., . : : ?1-. .?,?A?-- I!,Z ':??-.-.Z?!'. " :?.-'";%??1.,.?k,*; :":.& . ' ?,1 .?,-W .,"1; ? ,. r. ...?.' -?1.?.. -:. :?'??..'?.'': !?-:?Dx.: "p, ..'j . .?i-..'1-7W."-??1*.?' -WI' ?"' - :"?.'" - ,I i *.1... , ' . -.'l?-.'.'A" ..? . ?. '?,??::' g:? ? ?.- ' ???. -? ..,3-' . ? I:: ..'..:7 -.- ?... A', ?-'. v' ':?- .?.-.;'k. " . ??, :, , ..1:,:>??"., *.,k.,?, :.?. .-.'A,- ;?: .?- 'I" 4': ..; .W. " \.:.. '? u P. ;. . '-1".I-I?m'- . .,? - -.. " ..- ;: ?'-.?-.... -".' ... ?? :' -".W . .? -..???:'..-,.1-:..? :'- 1.'' *, :?:-&, i: ".?.1 4L?? -..!> ,.. ? '..','.j'''. Z-'-?"'...."-?;:??!? :?M-0:, 4"??-. *TM. . '-i ? ,1 '''':.i,.?k : . .. ;,?,% i.i'; ."p,: ..-'1.-'. .-]-?,*. ?.;....,',.:4 :?*.' .?""..... . ,1;' - ? "...?..; % I - w... .:"-''e?1'?? ?1 -". K -?;`: .- I? ..? .'.s,-... ' ..,.' ...a. .- ". ?.- .T' i, ?%?' ?.. V.Z-.a .X-` .' : -;:. :?:-1 .: ? . .'q.-4?N -.,,' .'. .:.7?. Iq. ' ,q " ....?-i. V ?4..?- ----' :,K ?'S.:K? ..--! ...'A?.- -'. .:.M'`-.- : - k . ",??.i? "X ..* :.:-Q- : .. :W`;: .-; . .: ?7. X .?<6 ? ',. . I??- ....'. . .;, .1 ..'.1 ?-::' .-- . s".. ' -. .'. I:.j?:7.?": '4. . -... "1: .' '-.' ?.?'%% .< ''<-..... -,.... : ?-'P:4":j?4' : ",?W- '- . .p ?-?Q ,?". - W%,.; -'..1: .? ?. ..' :' e .', .1I. .-' W...:::.1"- . ...-m- . ?,; ..:?).. .W. i'" ..j ??i"t K?':: Sa' .;I . - .,.11..- : ;':-4 ...-. * ? ; N. k1,-'k ,.. ; 1.: ''7?..'.-?? ?, .h.? - !::. '.??', ,.:'-..- ;.,*1- -- .- ..'..,'. X. . .?i.'-..' .-"` ....?. -.?M ?..N.. j. ,:.?: .? ..?...?---I.'? ?:. , ?.: - ?- .0 ...??'- '..: p. -'j .A.I... . .. .?A-.i .>'- ? '.-? .' W::,I, .-'' ,'. .I%:-..4I : ' .?- .. .?. ,.. . --?-K:?." . ?... . ,.1 '.I .. : -;'*?.?::' "k' '.'i??: -.: -1..-.-%... ?.M- . . o '".?.,. ' ?.,' -..,: " ;.I,? .,'.,: ':,V'.I:P.: . -'%'1, .-:s,.5-'. " N .-0-.M : .-.I. ; :.* .: .W, , -,.- :....1- *?*:. .W..,v.-.. l0..'?, ? ..?,'. ??.-R-.? '.?''.Vj.:.'.i.1-. "?. , :; *'-.-?:' . '',,? .MMW. '..: . ,..?,. . .. '1 p...4.. * ?.?. .].X?-?*?-% ? --. . 0?.? ? . .".I..- ?-: :. W:'.:.. ..'..:';-....&... ? :1:"i:'.'??. ..?ji.-?.W- ? ;0* 0?''1i0.. ;Ir". kW.W, - .-.-:'.; ,e . W: : "..W.I.i .. ?. k=' .:- .. !,* :%., -. '..1.. i"...: .%',..- , . .? ?:. :' '.M..I. L ' :?. " ... . ..4.''.:...X.?" .1:'` . ..,W? .,.'.R'- ' V . e:..'.*.,.? x ? .. . '6- -,.,' ??; .?: .?*":?:--x??'..:::- !' ...'- ,- ' .; -:d.,.5 .?l.'- P %.k :..%?O?. ? :.'. .?-.?a.4.. .A?1 TI '0......' 4: ,;..: : .. :. ..'. ."? ..,-'...-- i. ' , .1,? ",??..-? -.-- ..?' :0. '?::..:' :?.-.- -'-Q; ?? ?. W1 .'.? S?? .M.;.ikv' ?.- . ," . -.:. .. ;-" ::,"-. ... '-. . 'A ?'f.I.." ;.? -.:I:.- '%.":: ' ?. . ?.1.-.!- ? ...-- E,*?? ** . * 0. ?:''. ?..'. . I..,..:-'?.:..' '..'... .. ,. -.?,-.:.Q..X ...I. : . I'I.':.. - T" ...-?..:: :. . - ? .:.I- '?: 1?:.-: :.-!:s: :-; ?.-?. -.: il ?. -?...,.- : f:??. '.".'. ' '-??'-:"i. :!t ?.? .. ?" ,-?. . :X?:.?:'..::.. i0 "? ..:.;?: .' ... ? - ?..;. :?...' : .?'` .'? ,'.-... ' ...-"...-.:,7 0 .1.-. . .;'.,: .-. . ....?:i i R ?..W?: r? ?.1;A':..;..:-?- :-i .: f k x. ";,. ': ..? .5.-.'? Y . .:-. .?I&.:... i',..-.. ?:? -..--.:"-'ia?* ??.'.- ' ... ?:?.:.- . ? .4:;42?.% .:?'':?:, :':..'. ..: ". -:.: : .) .'.: ?'..; ; ,0 *?t :. ...1-. ,.?. :..:""'v .! ?;!, .... .-"` ,.-...!-.- -.-: "-... g...M- .',.' -.::.?'.;]..- ?. .?-? .. ."-x: ".? ?. . '.i,.: ? ..1-:': :I . :'-,0'.-"?..`-- "-. :?.. . . *'.:.;"%:' ,.'.. E'.:.? .::: :'?: :,.?"-:?.:-. i? -;-?a --?? :;?!! x1! .':-.:" ?:.'' :?C . "?".. - * -'. -' ?.??..?%-..;..! 'i.' ::.?. ''.??..Q-- ?. 'M?:M'?.-%I W--?I?'?.::"?; i..-:..v';sV."'..0.... .? .?.'?..W .. :?-.:.1 .:'. ?:N..:.': 7:I"W;N1 '?: .' '?. ,?.?'-,?* f'.?W:-.'--'.?..?. k:,n .i . .:??."',".? . i'?.?.?.. .;?--.1. .?4 ...-- .-.-.?' :`' . 1...'' 1...:...-,i a?:.'., -I1 . - :: ?.? *:.'.....:. . ."..?.-?1?. .:'.?.?'., *. ?:"--.. ?..... -'-'.?W :? -:'"- ?..::":. , ?:5. I1'..... ??,-. ?! .:. K':".:?-;? --?.."- -).:'. ..??. . ' . ...-: " ,W - '-,--.: : -: : .-":"?I :..'-'''-* .?.& :... :;V. ..:.-. 1-: .. , ?--.,..; .-..-:':::..?...':?? 1 ?j.?*:' 'I ::.?- ''N:., ..--'. .". : " !. ':.?.-.4i: io. -...Q.: "? -- -.' ...4..? mg'....'''..; ::..?" ' .p '?.-?-?i_. ''' .:--?.-,-.?. ..: .;., .* V-..":': *1.:: .W' - :-... .O .?K.'.?-M, :-?'.,- , " "Z'.ii,?.. ?."--? .. .'.: i?.?. - ?,..-.. ... .?'. .% -. ..1;...:W,i,.?";..i. 1-::%.. 4W'...z."; '.' .i::. -. .:I...':.'- :-.-?:.N-..-1.!- .?: , -..'-. .::..,? * ?? N.? .Z.- '.!. '.I?? .. :.:. ' ,...... !.- :?.'-?- :? W-: " , ': . '-A? 1.- ..:.w?&:x !, i.: ".' M.: .-. : -K-. ?..?' : ?: ?-n: . ..' .. .;?.:'.,'::..?.4 . , . ..:..,-1t",i :.? ..,"-, ..?,.-... . ...:. ..; ., . ::::. 1:? -. ..?? '1.. ?'.p-.!'."', . .l,F?.k1: . -?1 ..-.'.' . ;?...`.-..' . ': ,? . :.-:?.` -' ..-i. .?.?.: .:? .K ?., ..? :i?.. :??' -...:.'' .?..:".-.U.. -.:...:"?.-"'...?l,i. .m-:?.. ?.?q.: - ?n1 :..'. .O .. ".-k :?? U'S'. T.:n.'.,''?.,. . ',. n.??:-.?:' .,W- k-".:. -.:.?-..:. k,vO?' ;:'?,..' . '. ..'I. ??. !? ' - .? .,',N*-: ?--....--".t -.W..-R--: 1-. .11 .-?:.-:.. ,:-. '. ? ... --.0' ?. ?'i;. ,b--. ,-.:, : :?..K . ' . - ? ' .A ,, :. I"e -MK ?...?;?. 1?... , :' :;-? ,?.. ? ,' :1?,..'.V'- s??W - 7,.'"...' .P. ?..W?5 . ?".. :.?4 ?':. ?? .:-*? ??:???:. i:.!-. e'.? - y'.,::? .??1:. ? ..i, ? ,.:"I;?o....?,?,; ?-.-.M.,:. .,.?.. ,. ,?-: i?? . .-.??':-,j;? :. ' .i'.?'*- .i"..:.'?A :i? :.,.%", %?-?..Q-,.' . ,-,:l.'. ... ?. ., E? --;'.?'.?? . ::'..X-X ;>,?, ' 0:'N;x..p::.' M..:. *Q ?-, x 1.7W----.... ...? ;?'- .. ,..-.:??'..-?: ? x - '..-:--?: ?' ,.*:" ?...-?..I :...*1.H,i. ...??. -?,??.R:i-'Z- "x ?-? ?.? '".'?:?::.? -.-.:."?..*.?' ."?.:-,'.. ;?. ,"--:?pX'"-'.-: 1 --': v.i????' .mX'.?: ''v-""..: *1%:'iJ:'e' ??? "..;??'?. 'X?i:.' ? .- :?.':1. :;:- -;?-.'-?e:A .`.. . :.?- .,:-' I?-::-,--"? . ::?1?-d "?.1?: .:.?,;A. . : -..? & ?W- .?..'-?- ,'.::.?. ... ' '*?'kX?- .?:.?' 'i? :-'...M?"-r?; -:S "1.- -":?P:::-:L :'?;A..?.?.,Z":sK-;?'';??' ..",,. ; '-1,. .- .? ,R.--. ' . ....":.. ,"%: .1 '? ' :'z'l'.?...."? ',":."'. ." .:. .l . -I'?";.?I-?, -:i.: ..W:.: . ? .. 2l`" :. : 9:i,-.`: -A-? .:,-'. "?W-?":. ?:.-;. . A?- -..g?' ' ,'??.'--,..0 -....,.n.. .. M.?.,.ZR::".-? :?.'?;, ?. .; .'. . ?.K" 1, .;.' ?.??'S?.' -.i* :.%.:i "i:. ? ..' ?i. ,i? ": '.1Mwv .-i ,y,,X:.!1?,;.I, . ?.?:.;?''-?: ? 31 ?l-%"'i : ":Wp;?' .xZ '-?Ns.-1 .:.,-?'-m?. 6Z ... '..-. ,..:..?.i :xM..,''"d. :..,.:.:.. ::. .-.".W .- .1..'x.,:r ? ..,A.;.-:.'? *:i;. '."- ;.-? ?,?-,WII ?i:. :,-' ..,x? '. .-. wZ.0-": . . ,. - 7??,. . . ' .:.:--.-- ':?;' '.? i.: ? 4 ?', .. .:-?"-.- .'- -. ' 1:"..' "?.?,:." ., '. '.? .:?.... "e;?? " ::.K!fi.- :'.- .4 .? . .:..!.,:.'' :. ? .:-f.:?..".`:"?.'-?X . ?r..:? y::1- ..,. ? ?.'l' ..'.;- W ..'; .? - -,.- . ?-": ' :...R.":?. :"..-?;: .'?K7- ?. ??, :;". ,..,-?: '-"-?I ..???. j .W4Z ' - .- ]" ?i:. ?. ., i:"'''.::.-?-:? ? :?:..': '?' ...?O:;..'' ' .;.?>;Q. ",? ? ?'??? :.'?3i?%. .:?.:.?. . ; ,:v ?. ;: ''? ?;-?".?"?-:: ? :1.',: ; w.:.:?::?.?*.:?:: Yj;:?':'"? : : :,- ?- i" i?? .::".:'- .??.'?.,: i:? :!?..?.;? '.?-"::.l:.Ei' ?:i?;?:?: :.!::: "-' :..??.'..?..??:.: .?:,.-.:.'?-..i; :.'::;? ..::.??? .".!?,?i.:-e??.k.?;.,.?i?.?,:..:i. ??'??:e':?::. ?i.:?:?,;??:.i.,:.;.?".,?.. -
- .1 ''. ..
Fig. 4. The lion and dog panel from Level IX at Beth-shan. From Rowe, Topography and History,
frontispiece.
form on the right shoulder of the lion and in its torsional form on the left
shoulder. The star's significance has been debated, but it is commonly
seen as representing deity. Lions are pictured with these stars from Egypt
to Mesopotamia. Starred lions are among the art forms of the Tut-ankh-
Amon tomb finds, and among the 14th century materials from Ugarit. In
general, the starred lions of Mesopotamia are later, but other aspects of
the lion readily compare with 2nd millennium Mesopotamian art forms.