machiavelli's architect

106 Pages·2008·8.56 MB·English

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MACHIAVELLI'S ARCHITECT
Filarete and the Archë
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Kenneth L. Hayes
School of Architecture.
McGill Umversity. Montréal
June. )993.
A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment
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of the requin:ments of the degree of Masters in Architecture. © Kenneth Hayes, 1993.
Nome
D,ssertaf,on Absfracfs Infernaflonalls arranged by broad, general sublect categones Please select the one subject which most
nearly descnbes the content of your dissertation Enter the correspondlng four-digit code ln the spaces provlded
roffl'2J91 U·M-I
SUBJECT TERM SUBJECT CODe
Subject Categori:.!s
THE HUMANIIIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
(OMMUNICATIONS AND THE ARTS Psychology 0525 PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION AND Anclent 0579
Arch,tocturc 0729 Reading 0535 THEOLOGY Medieval 0581
Art Hlltary 0377 R"ltglous 0527 Phllosophy 0422 Modern 0582
Clncma 0900 Sc,encps 0714 Black 0328
Donw 0378 Secondary 0533 Rell~nn eral 0318 Afrlcan 0331
Flnc Arts 0357 Social SCiences 0534 BlbllCol Stud,es 0321 ASla, Auslraha and Oceanlo 0332
Informahon Sc,enre 0723 SoclolC?(Jyof 0340 Clergy 0319 Canad,an 0334
Journal,sm 0391 Specioi 0529 History 01 0320 European 0335
lib, ory SclOnee 0399 Trocher TrOlOIng 0530 Ph,lolophy of 0322 Lahn Amencan 0336
Moss Communlcohom 070B Technoljl~ 0710 iheology 0469 Middle Easlern 0333
MusIc 0413 Te sls an eosurcmcnls 0288 UOited States 0337
Ch Commurucot,on 0459 Vocollonal 0747 SO<IAL SCIEN(ES History of Science 0585
T oolor 0465 LANGUAGE, LlTERATURE AND Amerlcan Stud,es 0323 LPoawl,h cal Science 0398
EDUCATION LlNGUISTICS AnthArorPc,hOaleoogr co gy 0324 General 0615
GAdenmelrnalll trahon 00551154 Lon~aegnepr ol 0679 CPhuyltsulCraall 00332267 IntReernlaahhoonnsa l Law and 0616
Adult und Contlnulng 0516 AnClenl 0289 BUSiness Admlnlstrahon Public Administration 0617
Agrlculturel 0517 LingulstlCs 0290 General 0310 Recreahon 0814
Art 0273 Moaern 0291 Account.ng 0272 Social Work 0452
BBullsIU0\9musa iund Mult,culturul 00628882 l,teraGteunreer al 0401 MBaannklaOg9e ment 00745740 SoclGoleangeyr al 0626
CommuOl'Y Collcge 0275 (l','slcol 0294 Morkehng 0338 Crlmlnclo;\; and Penology 0627
Curllculum onel In,huchon 0727 Comparahve 0295 Canad,an Stud,es 0385 Demogrop'~ 0938
EEloermlyo Cnlhutrlyd hood 00551284 MMeoddieervna l 00229987 EconGoemnieersa l 0501 IEntdhn,vie,d uanala anadC ifaalm Sltluyd ,es 0631
FIn,lnCe 0277 Afncan 0316 Agnculturel 0503 Studles 0628
GHHHiiUosgothioldotrhayrn c01e und Counsehng 0000755642185090 CCAASaamnnloeuunndd c,,aaannn !Ef,negnhcshh)) 0000533395501255 HClFaiiobnsmiaoonrmrcy ee rce BUSiness 0000555~010O9085 SlPnuodRbculieiasCltla n taSiaontlnr duas c nStduo rceL,o aalb nWodr ellare 00662390
Homo EconOlnlc, 0278 Enghsh 0593 Theory 0511 Development 0700
lln(djuns~tunoaglc and liimulule 00522719 Gluetirnm aAnmlCe rlcon 00331112 GFoelokglorarep 'hy 00335686 Tr onTshpeaarlrayl laonnd Methods 00374049
MMPPhhuYolslStIo lCC!oo lm,1p hahyc 0s1 00002595129212830 MSRloaivdmldCal eno cEne das tEmansl European 000333111453 GHeisrtooGnreytna leargaly 0()5J7~81 WUrabmane na'nsd S tRu dl/e,osn al Planning 00949593
THE SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING
IIOLOGICAL SCI(NC(S Geodesy 0370 Speech Path')logy 0460 Englneenn~
Agnculture Geolqgy 0372 TOXicology 0383 Genera 0537
General 0473 GeopliyslCs 0373 Home Economlcs 0386 Aerosp'oee 0538
Agronamy 0285 ~drol'?9Y 0388 Agncultural 0539
Ammal Culturc and Ineralagy 0411 PHYSICAl SCIENCES Automallve 0540
t'ONimutani llPoant hology' 00447756 PPoolleeooebcootalongyy 00344256 Pure Sciences CBihoemmeldcIaCl al 00554412
Food Sc,once onél Paleontology 0418 Chemlstry CIvil 0543
FPloaTrneot, c'(?h:u nlotounl<re ~ W lldhfe 000434757899 PPPhooyllesyolnczaoolol mloeg oyg raphy 000934862587 GAAengnanlecyrutallclt uolr al 000474848596 EHHlyeedacrtt< roa:'unnlldtcc s T ahnerdm EoldeycntnacmellC s 000535444485
Plant Pathol!>9Y 0480 PhySleal Occenography 0415 Blae~emlstry 0487 Industnel 0546
Plant Physlology 0817 lnor~aOle 0488 Manne 0547
WRoonOgde TMcecnhangoelomgyen t 00777476 SHCEIAELNTCHE SA ND ENVIRONM(NTAL ONrugea emarc 00743980 MMeactehnaanllsc aSlC ience 00759448
Pharmaeeuhcol 0491
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Ab<;tract
Filarcte's treaUse presents architecture, the new archaized mode of building, to Francesco
Sforza as the means 10 hlstonate and rccuperate his insurgent regime, which had overtumed
the preccding dynastie order of power. This the sis shows how the treatise tried to persuade
a powerful but retardatory new prince not yet absorbed by the legitimizing narrative of a
rcnasccnce of antiquity. It focuses on the treatise's narrative, and places it in its political
situation, to show that Filarete made a dramatic, polemical opposition between building and
architecture, which he will be shown to have defined as those techniques of assuring the
archl'.
Le traité de Filarete présente l'architecture, ce nouveau mode archaisant de construire, à
Francesco Sforza, comme moyen d'historier et de récupérer son régime insurgé, ce dernier
ayant renversé l'ordre de pouvoir dynastique précédent. Cette thèse montre en quoi le traité
tentait de persuader un nouveau prince pUIssant mais aussi retardataire, et non encore
engagé dans une légitimisation des récits d'une renaIssance de l'antiquité. Elle s'intéresse
au récit du traité et le situe dans son contexte politique pour démontrer que Filarete établit
une oppositIon dramatique et polémique entre le bâtiment et l'architecture. Il sera par là
même établi que l'auteur du trailé détinit ceux-ci comme les techniques servant à assurer
l'arch(';
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1I l Memory of Illy Mother. Bel nire M. 1l aye"
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Adnow Icdgcmcn t\
When 1 began this the~is 1 had no special inclination to Renaissance studies. My
trcatment of cenain matters i~ therefore based on hast y acquaintance, but 1 have been
guided in them by the difficult problems, and equally great opportunities of interpretation
that Filarete's trcatise produces. Sorne points are not easily expressed; 1o nly hope 1 have
not actcd likc the neurnsthenic analyzed by Freud, who when describing his pains, "Gives
an impre~sion of bein.~ engaged on a difficult intellectual task to which his strength is quite
unclJlIal."
There are a number of people to acknowledge and thank. Dr. Alberto Pérez
Gomez, director of the History and Theory of Architecture programme at McGill, posed
many challenges that have strengthened my work considerably and Marco Frascari and
David Lelherbarrow of the Univer~ily of Pennsylvania asked leading questions in my first
rcvicws. At the mid-point of 111)' re~eaJch 1 was fortllnate to discover the Centre for
Renais~ance and Refonnation Stlldie~ at the Univer~ity of Toronto, to which David
Galbraith, the collection curator, gave me an orientation. Dr. Alina Payne, also of the
Univcr~ity of Toronto, rcad an early draft and provided valuable comments. Betty Julian
gave generolls cditorial and critical advice. BernIce larocci as~isted with contacts, advice
and inler-library loans. My colleague Janine Debanne helped more than she may realize.
Barry Isenor ficlded many of l11y other commilments while 1 was absorbed in this work.
Pinally, Rick Ilaidenby, Dlrector of the Univer~ity of Waterloo Schonl of A1l'hitecture,
• gave me a 11l1lch needed mcentlve to complete Illy wor\....
My family has provided me with thcil' con~tant support, and to them 1 am especially
gratcful.
Wilhollt the translation of FIlarcte's treati~e by John R. Spencer my study would
not have been possiblc. 1 am not lInaware that by the measures of traditional scholarship
my Iimited profïciency in Itahan l11ake~ 111y 1I11dertaking ~ol11ething of a folly. 1 take
consolation in being able to say along, with Filarete, "1 send it to you, even though it is
not, as it sholild he, worthy, ... for II ollght to be in Latin and not in the vllIgar."
K.H
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MACHIA VELLI'S ARCHITECT
Filarete and the Archë
ContefUS
PROLOGUE
Against Oblivion:
Senescence and the Ananme,\j,\ of Architecture
PART ONE
1) Introduction
2) Reading the TreatIse 15
3) The Prepostcrou\ Foundatiol1 of The State
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PARTTWO
1) Plu~Iapoll~ a~ Sfor711Hla Tntn,ullled 50
2) Economy of the Relic
3) Paragon of the Archive: Wntmg and Ârchltecture
PARTTHREE
1) The Archltect a~ Speculum Prinripillm 71,
2) The Architect in the Famlly Romance xo
3) Burial of the Livlllg by the Dead
BIBLIOGRAPHY 97
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• PROLOGUE
AGAINST OBLIVION
Sene!.ccnce and the Anamnesi!. of Architecture
Il would be possible to name other marvellous buildings that once existed but are
now no more, except in writing. Where is the mausoleum that Artemisia had built?
Where are the buildings of Thebes and the dty of Thebes itself, that is, Egyptian
Thebc!., which is said to have had 100 gates, lnany of them very high? Where is
the city of Semiramis?
The third and la~t part will tell how to make vari,,"s fOnTIS of buildings according to
antique practice, together with thh1gS 1 have discovered or learned from the ancients
that are almost lost and forgotten today. From this it will be understood that the
andents huilt more nobly than we do today.
Antonio Averlino, Treatise on Architecture
Rcbirth unthinkable Wllhout imagining a death. Renasence, the movement to
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rcoccupy the Ilobility of da~!.ical cultural achievemellt~ that charactorized fifteenth century
Italian humallislll, start~ with and i~ indivi~lble from ~enescence, the conviction of the
dedine, death or nem death of a patrimony, the abject perception that Roman imperial
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dassical culture had reached li nadir of dispersion and external intluence.l Without
inquinng as to il 'cause', it can be ~hown that a dire, speculative extrapolation took place
among Italian literati, and that they foresaw a gloomy end to cultural autonomy and
idcntity. This brought with Il a new, heightened awareness of insidious loss, which
focused a general cultural feeling of ùwmdling or diminishment on the c1assical. Acedia is
thc namc for the dedine in practices due to sloth or Iistlessness, and it was traditionally
countcd particularly odiou!-> because it insinuate~ It~elf into the fabric of reality, effecting
rctroactive1y the very c.:apaclly to mea~lIre the fervollr and diligence of feeling it~elf. Acedia
was the sclf-damnation of the Rel1ais~al1œ.
This tralllllLltic, despairing thollght reversed the understanding of c1assical artifacts:
instead of their allesting to the continuing presence and material faet of the classical, they
bccame relies that IIlspired dread of i:le irretrievable dmlinishment and ultimate extinction of
the legaey. Clas~kal artifact~ became provocative, lacerating things that could not be
looked upon wnhoUl them conjunng IIp preci~ely wha! ebe was gon". This was prone to
1 This prologue Il'iclI n.'qUlrc!. a prcl.lcc and lllorC gcncral Introduction than 1 can provlde here, thaL would
dctUlI thl' relations hctwccn the Italian RcnaJ~sancc and such clghtccnth and nmctcenLh ccnLury phcnornena
as the antiCipatcd rum dcsmhed by Phllhpe Junol! m Future ln Ihe Past, or Denis Holher's account of
Chatc<llIbriand's noLlon of the dcath of languuges in French Cu.\lOm.\. LlIerary Borders. Sumec it to say that
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ImJJ awurc Ihul the dynml1ic 1 dcscnhe IS morc cornmonly Lhought 01 as LhuL 01 Romantic Nco-c1u'i'iicism,
hut. al> WIll he sccn. IS fllilv devdopcd in Fliarclc'~ LreuLisc and truc of the Rcmll.,.,ancc.
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exaggeration because it was unkno\\'able: the play of Imagination thus liberatcd becanll' tht'
expression of an unfultillable general lack. From Irreplacable patrimony, dassical rem
nants became a son of agonistic damllosa ht'reditas.
This anxlOUS, extrapolative thought muy have started dlscreetly, even insigllltï
candy, but before long it had unravellcd and lTlvalidated the entire texture of the culture.:! lt
happened simultaneously and in parallel in vanous fields. Thus the dread of (,hlitetatlon
progressed from the destruction of a single manuscript to the tllter eradicalion of Ihe book,
and by extrapolation, of complete libraries, the loss of whole languages, and Ultllllatcly, ail
leaming, raising the spectre of barbarism. Following this progression, Ihe demolilion of
individual buildings or monuments suggesled the lI1undation of whole cilies, the declinc 01
empires and the end of clvilizatIon. Similarly, with the thought of one's own c..lcath arost' a
speculation on genocide that projecled the loss ot famlly, the dispersal 01 nations, the
eradication of the race, and finally, the annihilatton of humanily in toto.
The question Uhi Sunt, Wherc is .? so frcqucl:tly asked in renaissance Ihelonc,
summarized these sentiments by pointing wlth mute elol]uencc al an absencc) The ef
facement of inscriptions from classlcal monuments partieularly condenscd these alarms for
Renaissance antiquaries, siner inscriptions constitute the ovenly intentional record that tic il
physical thing to its place and purpose in history. The Medici ramily's sponsorshlp of
collection and transcription of classical fragments, epigrams, analects and inscribcd
lapidaria is a cultural practice that sllllultaneously assauged and aggravaled these feelings of
immanent dwindling loss, even as il combated them. Such is amucty.
The obsesslve thought of senesencc was somcthing Iikc an Irreslsttble rl'ducûo ad
ahsurdum, but one thdt had lost its capactty to mock. dissuade and ultlmately rcassure. Il
thereby revealed il prImai anxiety about bcing implicated 111 the play and process of 1i mc.
The archë was the technique of countering these proccsses, and thc thollght of arche' and
annihilation are as inextncably bound as rcmedy and death, hope and dcspair. Whatcvcr
presumes to speak of the one also inadvcrtcntly caUs up the other, spectrc-hke, as
unnamable dread. The conception of one'~ own times as foretclling the rcvlval of the
greatness of the past necessitates the idea of the past as rent, discontinuous and ahased.
The revival of antique culture reacted to a prcscntiment or spectre of the llttcr eradi
cation of the classical heritage, not its actuality.4 The term spectre is intended tn slIggest
2 Paul de Man, The RhelOrtc of Tempora/lly p.2IS.
3 This trope was already common enough by the early Renia\),ance thal Alhertl wa" able to \ubtly mock It,
• "Nor shalll mention the SIl.(' whcre Troy once !>lood, the blood-soaked field), at LelJclra or Traslmene, and
the countlcss othcr examplcs." On The Art Of BUl/dm!: p. 161 .
4 It IS dlfhcult and cvcn dubiously archacologlcallo -.peclfy wh al !>ct off lhl<; cham of cultural feellng<;, al
though Theodor Momm<;cn 's article Petrarc Il' \ Com eptwn of the Dark A!:e.\' I~ an adm lrahle allCrnpt.
• the p"'YChlC, ralher than :naterial-lli),toneal, dl111en\IOn of the cultural event. It would, in
faet, be dlffÏ<.:lllt to demon),trate that there oecllred an aeeeleration of the de<..ay of buildings
or the burmng of ~ome great library eommen~llrate with the reaetions of leviving antique
bUIlding or the recovery of texts. In f~ct just the opposite oceurred: as a feeling of loss dl
rcetcd attention to them, more and more remains of antiqllity were llnearthed.
ln a countcractive :110Vement, thme remnant~ induced a reglrded assiduousness 111
overeoming ahoutia (forgctfulness) and reclmming cla~sical learning, which beeame the by
word of the rena),cence movement. Senescence is the precondition and corrolary of rena
~ence. Rcmt),cnce was a charge made by the humanists against their immediate ancestors in
defcn~e of thelr more distant antecedents. This dynamie was driven by the phantasy of
metalepsis, the reJection of one'~ imbrication in the inexorable processes of time expressed
as the conviction of having fathered one\. own father .... It can be ob~erved that the simple
lIet of artkulating a Bauma ulllea ... he~ an abrcactlve force. Thj~ accollllt~ for the astounding
suddcnnes), and completene ... ~ WIth which cultural practice ... were revised, hereto mystify
ingly attribllted to an inexpllcahle ïn"'plration'.
The painlul consdollsness of an absence was expre:-.~ed in the foml of a lament,
• which dominated the carly Renab~ance. In the dla!cctic of lo~~ and ~acrifice. the gesture of
the li'ment inc·,itably glve~ nse to it~ cOllntcl-gesture, the pl/el/Il, or chant of thanksgiving
for dcliverance But no maller how genuine i. .. the paean for anUllllity, like any thanks
glven for deliveranœ. it dcmanded that the ... enlJal agOlu:-'lJc that a cul-
e~ 1l11plllse~ ~ll~tain
ture's self-regard be sOl11ewhat rellnllllished. A kllld of anIllhIiation of present pleasures
reslilted, SliCCUl11b to the gleatne ... ~ of antilllllly. Such a ~ubhmalJon IS alway:-. imperfect and
self-regard rcturns a~ nvalry wlth antiquity, a long acclivity fuelled by the desire 10 outdo
11:-. accomplishmcnts. A new, cxaggerated concern with po~terity, and thus 1110numentality,
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arose. The present moment becamc an llninhabitable point between a pa~t that IS no
longer and a future wl11(:h ha~ not yet retllrned. Anuljllity a:-. a rival has the advantage of
bcing legendary, and can neither be flxed nor freed of ),ub.lecl1ve regard. Imponderable,
neither here nor there, it gave rise to a melancholy rancour at the piay of presence and ab
sence.
ln oscillating from direct apprehension and exrres~ion of lo~s to finding consola
tion in action. the culture of the Renaissance gained con~ciousness of its own problematic,
the central and obsessive thought of the perilousness of human existence in the face of his
tory. This \Vas glven 1I~ Illost ~llccinct expre~sion in the figure of Fortune, who':-. constant
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• attribute was lI1COn~lancy. "It ~eems to me not 1II11ca~onabk. thetcloll'. 10 \\'I~h 10 kno\\'
whether fortune ever power ove!' human aff;urs. Il to her granted the
possesse~ ~uch 01 wa~
excessive right to plllnge mto rtlm the gleatesl :Ind most c:-.relknt lal1l1lic~ by hl'r tl\swblluy
and inconstancy," wrote Albel1i, Fortllllll wa~ deplctcd 111 nco-anllqUl' mode a~ a godde~'
directmg a wheel; her capaCIty to mdifferently or dash down ..,howcd she met
tal~C ~:o\!ld
out fame and fatality \Vith equal ease On top of the whecl wa~ ~olllciimes l110unted li regal
figure, indicating fortune's especial propen~i ty 10 lcvel Ihe kingl y e:-.liIlc. 6 The ult ill1i1ll'
demonstration offortune's vicissitude was that even the great achievements of antlquc l'ul
ture had been laid low, Fortune was not entirely implacable; virtue \Vas the hllman l'ilpal'lty
to s\Vay fortune to one's favour in order to win enduring fame,
Renascence particularly empha"i~ed the le:-'L'lIC and emulallon of \Vhat n:mailll'd of
anciem Gree\... and Latin text~. but thl.., llx:uperallve ProICL'\ W,I:-' "bo dccply d~tl'lIllll1l'd to
return building to Ils antique Statll~, To rl'formlhe praCtlLT 01 hlltldll1g "0 a~ to 11.'Captllll' Ih
lost glories \Vas the aim of Alberti'~ (Jnthe An (~! Hw/ding Hut Ihe lllv~n\loll 01 all'hl
tecture in the Renais~al1<.:e :-.eem~ more than LI l'OINXIUL'lllT of thl' g~lll'l ,Ii plOll'L'1 10 1L'l'OVCI
c\assical culture, to be in fact !o>\luctlllally hOl11ologou.., and cocval wull ICIHI\;:lll'l' Ihl'it.
Renascence l'an. fact, he gcncrally and acutdy de"l'Ilhcd a.., an ovel whl..'!ll11ngly
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forceful anamlle.\l.\ ol/he ar('I/(~ An al1amnc~i" 1" a n:collcclloll. L':-.peclally Ihe ICl'allll1g to
mind of a prevlom existence, and I~ abo the tcrlll for a patlcnt\ accollnt of hel ll1edlL'al
history. The archë 1:-' the fll:-.t thing, the fOl1nda\lOI1~. 11l1dcl..,tood hloadly a:-. thc pllncipk
that the COllr:-.e of developlllent of a t hlllg i:-. detcl11111lcd hy 1h ollglll. The plCV IOU.., l'X 1:-'
tence, or arclzë. of the RelHll'\~ancc, 11'/llIt had olmo.\[ hCl'Il!orgO{(l'n, wa.., the rla""IL'al
greatness. Architecture was revalucd in the:-.e dlcllm"tancc.., a ... the very tCl'hlllqlll: fOI Ihl'
recovery and pre"ervallon of the llrchè, The Renal,>,>ance \Va" thc cultural cvent 01 an
analeptic archaization, a becomlllg ardlltectural.
To see architecture a:-. the pivot of thl:-' ali-ton hriefly ,ketchcd h"'tollcal-allectlve
dynamic demands any ea~y acceptance of it be lcllllqlli"hed Âlchilectllle 1.., u..,ually lauded
for its combination of beauty and lItilily. yet an:hilectlllc \Va" evidenlly too Illlp()/tantln the
Renaissance for us to be convll1ced hy"uch hOlllllte,> C'lmdy lcadlng I-ilalete\ IIl'atl,>e
will show that another definitiol1 of archilcctUlc Ihan that lallllitai to li'> ha" alway" alll:ady
been at play: arcllllecwre lI.\ tlle tccIiIIU//1l' oftlle an //(i, the very tcchlllque 01 <.,elllllllg con
stancy in the face of fortune, of en~unng the endurance offamllic ... and thc plC"CI vallon of
both self and memory.
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6 The cquivocatIOn tradllionally allrthutcd to the klng\ deu\lon~ rClurn,>, lor the allllllly of latah..,rn and
hlgh estate therc 1'> a long hl\tory Sec \Valtl'r BClll<lIllm, 1h l' Of/lilll lit r;NII/(1I/ 1r u;:/( !Jrmt/a Il n