ebook img

m Andrea Am ft PDF

222 Pages·2012·13.57 MB·Swedish
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview m Andrea Am ft

KSSS! ifii m : * k?j :fy 'i |i» •», •- • v V. . •:'--- *• •m •'à|^Ûwr ''zanH Andrea Am ft En studie av svenska samers levnadsvillk• o* r" ur ett genus- och etnicitetsperspektiv \ rS5S!!?Ä5 mmmimmimm Samiska studier. Umeå Universitet :;V;: •" ^ . : -•••*-*'•****1:1; KULTURENS FRONTLINJER Skrifter från forskningsprogrammet KULTURGRÄNS NORR 20 Sâpmi i förändringens tid En studie av svenska samers levnadsvillkor under 1900-talet ur ett genus- och etnicitetsperspektiv AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen vid Umeå universitet kommer att offentligt försvaras i KBC-huset, hörsal KB3A9, fredagen den 18 februari 2000, kl. 10.15 av Andrea Amft Fil.mag. Samiska studier • Umeå universitet Umeå 2000 Doktorsavhandling i samiska studier vid Umeå universitet 2000. Amtt, Andrea. Såpmi i förändringens tid. En studie av svenska samers levnadsvillkor under 1900- talet ur ett genus- och etnicitetsperspektiv. [Såpmi in a Time of Change. A Study of Swedish Sami Living Conditions during the Twentieth Century from a Gender and Ethnic Perspective.] Swedish text with a summary in North Sami and English. Institutionen för arkeologi och samiska studier, Umeå universitet. Department of Archaeology and Sami Studies, Umeå University. Umeå 2000, 216 pp. Monograph. Abstract This dissertation is a study of the changing living conditions for the Sami in Swedish Såpmi (Samiland) throughout the twentieth century with an analysis based on a gender and ethnic perspective. At the turn of the century, the Sami lived as nomadic reindeer herders and were primarily self- sufficient. This changed as the reindeer herders shifted from a self-sufficient lifestyle to a money economy tor a variety of reasons. Over time they became more integrated in the dominant Swedish society and even more dependent on it. Reindeer herding has become increasingly mechanized since the I960's with rationalizations as a result. Even in to the 1990's the industry was the object of streamlining ettorts. A process of masculinization has also occurred and today's reindeer herding is a distinctly male coded profession. Women do not regularly participate in the daily work of reindeer breeding and their ability to have any direct influence on the herding districts (sameby) is limited. This is also largely true in terms of the Sami Parliament, the Sami popularly elected body. The Sami population has experienced unfavorable special legislation and regulation from the State. The population was divided into several different categories with different rights. Sami women were marginalized two-fold and subordinated, partly because of their ethnic affiliation (as Sami) and partly because of their sex (as women). This continues to be true today. The analysis of gender division of labor shows that a married couple had their own autonomous areas of power within the household. The wife was however still subordinate to her husband in his role as master of the family. The older reindeer herding society was not noted for its equality. There was a distinct hierarchy based on sex, age, and social status. Division of labor in modern reindeer breeding is in principle based on the same normative system as the older nomadic society. The study of the ethnic processes in Såpmi shows among other things that from a Sami perspective, a person is Sami who is related to other Sami and whose actions are based on a Sami identity. It is also clear today that there are many different Sami identities, that an individual person draws from a number of such identities and that it is the context that determines which of these are active in any given situation. The Sami identity is sex-based, i.e. there is a difference between a "male Sami" and a "female Sami." Sami women, unlike Sami men, cannot be politically active while also being active based on their sexual identity. Were they to do so, they would be excluded by definition from their ethnic group. Sami women must therefore subordinate themselves as women to be "genuine" Sami. They thereby contribute to their own marginalization and help maintain their own subordinated position in the Sami society. Keywords: Sami history, Sami identity, gender division of labor, marginalization, power relations, dominant - subordinated ethnic groups, ethnic legislation, cultural studies, cultural boundaries © Andrea Amft 2000 ISSN 1402-8506 ISBN 91-88466-28-0 Sâpmi i förändringens tid Samiska studier (f.d. institutionen för samiska) är en enhet, ett verksamhetsområde, inom institutionen för arkeologi och samiska studier vid Umeå universitet. Vid Samiska studier bedrivs grund- och forskarutbildning dels i samiska språk (nord-, lule- och sydsamiska), dels i ämnet samiska studier (som avser samerna, det samiska samhället samt samernas kultur och historia). Examensbenämningen (fil. kand., fil. mag. , fil. lic. och fil. dr) är sa­ miska språk respektive samiska studier. Sami dutkan lea ossodat Ubmi universitehta arkeologiija ja sâmi dutkama institusuvnnas. Sami dutkan-ossodagas lagiduvvo vuoddo- ja dutkanoahppu sämegielas (davvi-, julev- ja lullisåmegielas) ja sâmi dutkanoahpus (masa gullâ oahppu sâmiid, såmi servodaga ja sarniid kultuvrra ja historjjâ birra). Sami Studies is a section within the Department of Archeology and Sami Studies at Umeå University. Undergraduate and graduate studies are conducted at the department within the Sami language (North, Lule, and South Sami) and within the subject of Sami studies (in­ cluding the Sami, the Sami society, and the Sami culture and history). Samiska studier Umeå universitet 901 87 Umeå Hemsida http://www.umu.se/samiska/ Omslag: Anna Lisa Rensberg kammar skohö och dottern Saila hjälper till. Bilden är tagen i Tännäs lappby år 1938. Foto: Ernst Manker (Nordiska museet). I forskningsprogrammet Kulturgräns norr: Förändringsprocesser i tid och rum, som finansie­ ras av Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, är basbegreppet gräns. Dels granskas kultur­ gränser som utgör sega, tidsmässigt djupt förankrade strukturer inom ett geografiskt rum, dels krafter som på olika sätt sveper fram över rummet och ibland förmår utradera en kul­ turgräns, men ibland lämnar en gammal gräns helt orubbad. För att detta tvärvetenskapliga forskningsfält med framgång skall kunna genomlysas, samlar programmet forskare från åtta ämnen vid främst Umeå universitet och Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet. Projektets redaktion utgörs av professor Lars-Erik Edlund (seriens huvudredaktör) och forskningsassistenterna Anna Greggas och Kristina Holmström (redaktörer). Skrifterna kan beställas genom Anna Greggas eller Kristina Holmström. Adress: Kulturgräns norr, Institu­ tionen för litteraturvetenskap och nordiska språk, Umeå universitet, 901 87 UMEÅ. Hemsida http://www.umu.se/nordiska/KGN/ KULTURENS FRONTLINJER Skrifter från forskningsprogrammet KULTURGRÄNS NORR 20 Andrea Amft Sapmi i förändringens tid En studie av svenska samers levnadsvillkor under 1900-talet ur ett genus- och etnicitetsperspektiv Samiska studier • Umeå universitet Umeå 2000 Doktorsavhandling i samiska studier vid Umeå universitet 2000. Amft, Andrea. Säpmi i förändringens tid. En studie av svenska samers levnadsvillkor under 1900- talet ur ett genus- och etnicitetsperspektiv. [Sapmi in a Time of Change. A Study of Swedish Sami Living Conditions during the Twentieth Century from a Gender and Ethnic Perspective.] Swedish text with a summary in North Sami and English. Institutionen för arkeologi och samiska studier, Umeå universitet. Department of Archaeology and Sami Studies, Umeå University. Umeå 2000, 216 pp. Monograph. Abstract This dissertation is a study of the changing living conditions for the Sami in Swedish Såpmi (Sami- land) throughout the twentieth century with an analysis based on a gender and ethnic perspective. At the turn of the century, the Sami lived as nomadic reindeer herders and were primarily self- sufficient. This changed as the reindeer herders shifted from a self-sufficient lifestyle to a money economy for a variety of reasons. Over time they became more integrated in the dominant Swedish society and even more dependent on it. Reindeer herding has become increasingly mechanized since the I960's with rationalizations as a result. Even in to the 1990's the industry was the object of streamlining efforts. A process of masculinization has also occurred and today's reindeer herding is a distinctly male coded profession. Women do not regularly participate in the daily work of reindeer breeding and their ability to have any direct influence on the herding districts (sameby) is limited. This is also largely true in terms of the Sami Parliament, the Sami popularly elected body. The Sami population has experienced unfavorable special legislation and regulation from the State. The population was divided into several different categories with different rights. Sami women were marginalized two-fold and subordinated, partly because of their ethnic affiliation (as Sami) and partly because of their sex (as women). This continues to be true today. The analysis of gender division of labor shows that a married couple had their own autonomous areas of power within the household. The wife was however still subordinate to her husband in his role as master of the family. The older reindeer herding society was not noted for its equality. There was a distinct hierarchy based on sex, age, and social status. Division of labor in modern reindeer breeding is in principle based on the same normative system as the older nomadic society. The study of the ethnic processes in Sâpmi shows among other things that from a Sami per­ spective, a person is Sami who is related to other Sami and whose actions are based on a Sami iden­ tity. It is also clear today that there are many different Sami identities, that an individual person draws from a number of such identities and that it is the context that determines which of these are active in any given situation. The Sami identity is sex-based, i.e. there is a difference between a "male Sami" and a "female Sami." Sami women, unlike Sami men, cannot be politically active while also being active based on their sexual identity. Were they to do so, they would be excluded by definition from their ethnic group. Sami women must therefore subordinate themselves as women to be "genuine" Sami. They thereby contribute to their own marginalization and help maintain their own subordinated position in the Sami society. Keywords: Sami history, Sami identity, gender division of labor, marginalization, power relations, dominant - subordinated ethnic groups, ethnic legislation, cultural studies, cultural boundaries © Andrea Amft 2000 ISSN 1402-8506 ISBN 91-88466-28-0 Printed in Sweden 2000. Larsson & Co:s Tryckeri AB, Umeå Sâpmi iförändringens tid Innehåll Förord 9 1 INLEDNING. 13 Avhandlingens empiriska och teoretiska utgångspunkter 15 Renskötseln och de samiska kvinnorna i litteraturen 15 Genusarbetsdelning 19 Etnicitet 24 Den etniska organiseringens två sidor 26 Kopplingar mellan genus- och etnicitetsteori 28 Förändringar i Sâpmi: avhandlingens huvudämnen 29 Källmaterial 30 2 RENSKÖTSEL - ETT EKONOMISKT SYSTEM I FÖRÄNDRING 32 Från nomadiskt levnadssätt till renskötselföretag 32 Ett sekel med stora förändringar 32 Själv- och naturahushållningens tidevarv 33 Påverkan genom naturens växlingar 36 Exploateringar, kriser och förändringar 42 Marknaden som drivkraft för förändringar 47 Ett nytt boendemönster växer fram 51 Integrering i storsamhället 55 Ständigt pågående utslagningsprocesser 62 Ett sekel präglat av diskontinuitet - sammanfattande analys och slutsatser 64 3 LAGSTIFTNING RÖRANDE RENSKÖTSELN I SVERIGE 67 Renbeteslagstiftningen från ett genusperspektiv 67 Betesmarkernas kollektivisering -1886 års renbeteslag 67 Lika rättigheter för samiska män och kvinnor 69 Förhållandena perioden 1886-1928 71 1928 års renbeteslag 75 Den dubbla underordningen av samiska kvinnor 78 Den nya eran - 1971 års rennäringslag .....80 De samiska kvinnornas formella jämställdhet 85 Samernas urminnes hävd -1993 års revidering av rennäringslagen 91 1993 års revidering - en tandlös tiger 92 5 Andrea Amft De samiska kvinnorna i 1993 års revidering 94 Sammanfattande diskussion 95 Att skapa en 'autentisk' minoritet — om maktrelationen mellan svenskar och samer från slutet av 1800-talet och framåt 98 Inledning 98 Staten och samerna 99 Renbeteslagstiftningen som etnisk särlagstiftning — bakgrund 101 Makten att definiera 102 Gamla och nya kategoriseringar 108 Att hålla folk på plats — kategorisering som en form av förtryck 111 Makt att verkställa renbeteslagen 115 Den renskötande 'eliten ' 116 Några slutsatser 117 4 SAMISKA HUSHÅLL I FÖRVANDLING 120 Genusarbetsdelningen i det renskötande samhället i ett historiskt perspektiv 120 Den ordnande principen 120 En flexibel tillämpning som överlevnadsstrategi 124 Kvinnor och män som reservarbetskraft 125 Kvinnor och män som utför liknande arbetsuppgifter 128 Hushåll i genusobalans 133 Att bli änka eller änkeman 137 Genusarbetsdelningen efter övergången till den extensiva renskötselformen 140 De renskötande hushållen i dag 144 Den gifta kvinnan 146 Ingifta kvinnor 148 Döttrars situation 151 Kvinnliga renskötare 156 Kvinnlig representation i Sametinget 159 Några slutsatser 161 5 ETNISKA PROCESSER I DET SAMISKA SAMHÄLLET 162 Vem är egentligen same? 162 Olika samiska identiteter 171 Samisk identitet och samisk grupptillhörighet 175 Underkommunikation och överkommunikation 175 Ambivalenta känslor— ett samiskt dilemma 179 Etniska markörer som signaler och tecken för samisk identitet 181 Överföring av en samisk identitet till barn 183 6

Description:
vintern. Slår renbetet fel eller decimeras renhjorden av andra skäl, till exempel . Kombinationen av detta och andra skäl gjorde att kvinnan.
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.