Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation IX: Homeostasis and Lymphocyte Traffic PDF
Preview Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation IX: Homeostasis and Lymphocyte Traffic
LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION IX ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizniann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute ABEL LAJTHA, N. S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 503 INTEGRATING POPULATION OUTCOMES, BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND RESEARCH METHODS IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN MILK AND LACTATION Edited by Margarett K. Davis, Charles E. Isaacs, Lars A. Hanson, and Anne L. Wright Volume 504 MYCOTOXINS AND FOOD SAFETY Edited by Jonathan W. DeVries, Mary W. Trucksess, and Lauren S. Jackson Volume 505 FLAVONOIDS IN CELL FUNCTION Edited by Bela A. Buslig and John A. Manthey Volume 506 LACRIMAL GLAND, TEAR FILM, AND DRY EYE SYNDROMES 3: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance Edited by David A. Sullivan, Michael E. Stern, Kazuo Tsubota, Darlene A. Dartt, Rose M. Sullivan, and B. Britt Bromberg Volume 507 EICOSANOIDS AND OTHER BIOACTIVE LIPIDS IN CANCER, INFLAMMATION, AND RADIATION INJURY 5 Edited by Kenneth V. Honn, Lawrence J. Marnett, Santosh Nigam, and Charles Serhan Volume 508 SENSORIMOTOR CONTROL OF MOVEMENT AND POSTURE Edited by Simon C. Gandevia, Uwe Proske, and Douglas G. Stuart Volume 509 IRON CHELATION THERAPY Edited by Chaim Hershko Volume 510 OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE, VOLUME 23 Edited by David Wilson, Sydney M. Evans, John Biaglow, and Anna Pastuszko Volume 511 PEDIATRIC GENDER ASSIGNMENT: A Critical Reappraisal Edited by Stephen A. Zderic, Douglas A. Canning, Michael C. Carr, and Howard McC. Snyder Volume 512 LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION IX: Homeostasis and Lymphocyte Traffic Edited by Sudhir Gupta, Eugene Butcher, and William Paul A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes arc billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION IX Homeostasis and Lymphocyte Traffic Edited by Sudhir Gupta University of California, Irvine Irvine, California Eugene Butcher Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California and William Paul National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Conference on Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation (9th: 2002 Newport Beach, Calif.) Lymphocyte activation and immune regulation IX: homeostasis and lymphocyte traffic /edited by Sudhir Gupta, Eugene Butcher, and William Paul. p. cm. — (Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 512) "Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Lymphocyte Activation & Immune Regulation held in Newport Beach, California on February 8-12, 2002." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-5226-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-0757-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0757-4 1. Lymphocyte transformation—Congresses. 2. Immune response—Regulation—Congresses. 3. Cells—Motility—Congresses. I. Gupta, Sudhir. II. Butcher, Eugene. III. Paul, William E. IV. Title. V. Series. QR185.8.L9 1553 2002 616.07'9—dc21 2002027574 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation held in Newport Beach, California on February 8-10, 2002. ISBN 978-1-4613-5226-6 ©2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work PREFACE During the past 5 years major progress has been made in the understanding the basic mechanisms oflymphocyte homeostasis and in the developmental relationship between different memory T subsets and their traffic patterns and functional significance. This volume highlights the currentconcepts oflymphocyte development, factors regulating lymphocyte trafficking and development, and specialized characteristicsandfunctional propertiesofnaiveandmemorysubsets. Thisvolume is divided into3sections. SectionIdeals with factors that regulate the development and maturation of T cells and B cells and lymphocyte traffic. The significanceofC-kit,Bcl-6,IL-7andVavinthedevelopmentofTandBlymphocytes is discussed. A role of lymphotoxins and VAP-I in trafficking of leucocytes is reviewed. Finally, the trafficking and homing characteristics of T cell and B cell subsets, and the regulation of these processes during the immune response, is presented. Section II discusses various aspects ofnaive and memory Tcell biology, including clonal expansion, reprogramming of genes including those encoding cytokines and cytotoxic granules, changes in the expressionofcell surface proteins involved incell cell adhesion, homingofnaiveandmemoryTcells,the role ofMHC and cytokines in the maintenance of naive and memory T cells, and the characterization and differentiationofvirus-specificmemoryTcellheterogeneityinmiceandhumans. Novelmethodsofvisualizationofimmunecellsandimmunesynapses are reviewed in Section III. This includes tracking of dendritic cells in vivo, monitoring arterial smooth muscle-specific T cells in the inflamed vasculature, imaging of molecular migrations in immune synapses, and visualization ofvarious immune cells in intact lymphoidtissuesbytwophotonconfocalimaging. This volume should be of interest to immunologists, molecular biologists, microbiologists, pathologists, academic physicians, cell biologists, and scientists and cliniciansinterestedinvaccinedevelopment. SudhirGupta EugeneButcher WilliamPaul v CONTENTS LYMPHOCYTEDEVELOPMENTANDLYMPHOCYTETRAFFIC 1.LYMPHOCYTEDEVELOPMENTINNEONATALANDADULT C-KIT-DEFICIENT(C_KITwlW) MICE......................................................... I ClaudiaWaskowandHans-ReimerRodewald 2.DEVELOPMENTOFANTIGEN-SPECIFICHELPERT CELL RESPONSESINVIVO: ANTIGEN-SPECIFICTHCELLSUBSETS..... II LouiseMcHeyzer-Williams,LaurentMalherbe,MichaelEisenbraun, DavidDriver,andMichaelMcHeyzer-Williams 3.BCL-6UNCOUPLESBLYMPHOCYTEPROLIFERATIONFROM DIFFERENTIATION 21 DouglasT. Fearon,PeterM. Manders,andSimonD.Wagner 4.THEROLE OFVAVPROTEINSINBCELLRESPONSES 29 MartinTurner 5.TRAFFICPATTERNSOFBCELLSANDPLASMACELLS 35 JasonG. Cyster,K. MarkAnsel,VuN.Ngo,DianaC. Hargreaves,and TheresaT. Lu 6.LYMPHOCYTETRAFFICEINLYMPHOIDORGANNEOGENESIS DIFFERENTIALROLESOFLTaANDLTaIL 43 DanielleL. Drayton,KeeChan,WernerLesslauer,JasonLee,XiaoYanYing, andNancyH. Ruddle 7.REGULATIONOFSPLEENWHITE PULPSTRUCTUREAND FUNCTIONBYLYMPHOTOXIN 49 DavidD. Chaplin 8.ENZYMATICCONTROLOFLEUKOCYTETRAFICKING: ROLEOF VAP-I 57 MarkoSalmiandSirpaJalkanen vII viII CONTENTS 9.HOMESTATICCHEMOKINESANDTHETARGETINGOF REGIONALIMMUNITY 65 EricJ. KunkelandEugeneC.Butcher NAivE ANDMEMORYT CELLS 10.FACTORSREGULATINGNAiVET CELLSHOMEOSTASIS 73 CharlesD. Surh,JoyceTan,WilliamC. Kieper,andBettinaErnst 11.IL-7,THETHYMUS,ANDNAivET CELLS 81 YukariOkamoto,DanielC. Douek,RichardD.McFarland,and RichardA. Koup 12.NEONATESSUPPORT"HOMEOSTATIC"PROLIFERATION 91 BookiMin,GregoryD. Sempowski,andWilliamE. Paul 13.SELF-RECOGNITIONANDTHEREGULATIONOFCD4+TCELL SURVIVAL 97 RonaldN. Germain,IrenaStefanova,andJeffreyDorfman 14.TCR-INDEPENDENTPROLIFERATIONANDDIFFERENTIATION OFHUMANCD4+CELLSUBSETSINDUCEDBYCYTOKINES....... 107 JensGeginat,StefaniaCampagnaro,FedericaSallusto,and AntonioLanzavecchia 15.REGULATIONOFMEMORYCD4T CELLS:GENERATION, LOCALIZATIONANDPERSISTENCE 113 SusanL. Swain,JavedN. Agrewala,DeborahM. Brown,andEulogiaRoman 16.SOMEPROPERTIESOFTCELLSINANIMALS 121 AngelaRicodeSouza,BradleySwanson,JenniferRobertson,JeremyBender, JohnKappler,andPhilippaMarrack 17.GENERATIONANDCHARACTERIZATIONOFMEMORYCD4T CELLS 129 S. Z.Ben-Sasson,IrenaZukovsky,AlizaBiton,RonVogel,GillesFoucras, Nobuki Hayashi,andWilliamE. Paul 18.T CELLPROLIFERATION,DIFFERENTIATION,AND RESTORATIONINLYMPHOPENICINDIVIDUALS: FORCONTRIBUTEDVOLUMES 135 JianzhuChen,QingGe,BryanCho,andHermanN. Eisen 19.MIGRATIONOFPRIMARYANDMEMORYCD8T CELLS 141 LeoLefran~ois,AmandaL. Marzo,DavidMasopust,KimberlyS. Schluns,and VaivaVezys CONTENTS Ix 20.CYTOKINESANDMEMORY-PHENOTYPECDS+CELLS 147 JonathanSprent,AdamD.Judge,andXiaohongZhang 21.ANTMRALMEMORYT CELLRESPONSES: CORRELATIONWITH PROTECTIVEIMMUNITYANDIMPLICATIONFORVACCINE DEVELOPMENT 155 AlexandreHarari,KimEllefsen,PatrickChampagne,MassimoNobile,and GiuseppePantaleo 22.HOMEOSTATICPROLIFERATIONBUTNOTTHEGENERATION OFVIRUSSPECIFICMEMORYCDST CELLSISIMPAIREDIN THEABSENCEOFIL-15ORIL-15Ra 165 E. JohnWherry,ToddC.Becker,DavidBoone,Murali-KrishnaKaja, Averil Ma,andRafiAhmed TRACKINGIMMUNECELLS 23.IRREVERSIBLEMARKINGOFDENDRITICCELLSINVIVO: FORCONTRIBUTEDVOLUMES 177 SanjayGarg,AlpOran,CharlesMaris,andJoshyJacob 24.TRACKINGARTERIALSMOOTHMUSCLESPECIFICT CELLSIN THEINFLAMEDVASCULATURE 183 BurkhardLudewig 25. REGULATIONOFT CELLMIGRATIONTHROUGHFORMATION OFIMMUNOLOGICALSYNAPSES: THESTOPSIGNAL HYPOTHESIS 191 MichaelL. Dustin 26.TWO-PHOTONIMAGINGININTACTLYMPHOIDTISSUE 203 SindyH. Wei,Mark1.Miller,MichaelD. CahalanandIanParker INDEX 209 LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT IN NEONATAL AND ww ADULT C-KIT-DEFICIENT (C-KIT / ) MICE Claudia Waskowand Hans-ReimerRodewald· ABSTRACT Hematopoieticstemcellsand lymphocyteprogenitorsexpress the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. In fetal and neonatal life, c-Kit plays a redundant role in T, and no apparantrole in Bcell development. In neonatal mice deficient for both c-Kit and the common ychain (ye), a component ofthe interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor, the thymus is alymphoid,andthereforelacksT cell receptor (TCR) 13,y, and 0 rearrangements. Thus, a critical role for c-Kit in T cell development around birth is well established. More recently, it has become possible to examine the impact of c-Kit deficiency under conditions ofsteady state lymphopoiesis in adult life. Such analysis has been made possible by the identification of a viable adult c-Kit-deficient (c-KitW/W) variant, termedthe Vickidmouse. TheVickidmousearosebyoutcrossingc-KitW-bearing mice ofthe WB strain, in which lack ofc-Kit is lethal, to a mixed genetic background. In adult Vickid mice, mainstream al3 TCR+ thymocyte development, and B cell development in the bone marrow are severely c-Kit-dependent with progressive age. Analysis ofother pathways of developing T cells, i.e. CD4-CDS- (double neagative [DN]) al3 TCR+and DN yo TCR+ thymocytes revealed that the development ofboth lineages is also severely affected by lack ofc-Kit. However, numbers ofyo TCR+ T cells decline beforenumbersofal3 TCR+Tcells in thethymus. Incontrast to T and B celldevelopment,generationofNKcells isnotaffectedinadultc-KitW/Wmice. INTRODUCTION The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit is a growth factor receptor important for the development and function of stem and progenitor cells. C-Kit is expressed in •Dept. forImmunology,UniversityofUlm,0-89070Vim,Germany,[email protected], [email protected],tel: 49-731-50023360,fax: 49-731-50023367 2 C.WASKOWANDH.-R.RODEWALD hematopoietic cells, germ cells, melanocytes, intestinal pacemaker cells, and neuronal cells(Bernstein et al., 1990; Besmer, 1991). According to this expression pattern, c Kitdeficiency causes anemia, sterility, depigmentation (dominant white spotting), and intestinal pacemakerdysfunction. Numerous naturallyoccurringc-Kit(Walleles)or Kit ligand(Kitl; formerly termedstem cell factor [SCF], ormast cell growth factor (MGF]) (steel [SI] alleles) mutants have been identified (Russell, 1979; Galli et al., 1994). Mutantsentirely lackingcell surfaceexpression ofc-Kit (c-KitWIW) are lethal within a few days afterbirth(Russell, 1979). This lethality can be overcome by transplantation of wild type hematopoietic stem cells (Mintz and Fleischman, 1979). The most prominent pathological symptom in c-KitWIW mice is a severe macrocytic anemia (reducedredbloodcell [RBC] numbers with increased RBC volume), and this anemia is the putative cause ofdeath(Russell, 1979). Hence, until now, an~ses ofadult c-Kit mutants have been limited to mild W or steel alleles. The c-Kit IW genotype was known to be lethal in the WB mouse strain background (as well as in all other tested backgrounds). We have identified a white, black-eyed c-KitW/W mouse, surviving to adulthood, in out-crosses ofWB-c-KitW/+to mixed genetic backgrounds. This novel mutant has been termed the "Vickid" mouse (Waskow et al. unpublished). The molecular nature of the putative c-Kit suppressor mutation is unknown. Here, we summarizeourdetailedanalysesoflymphocyte development in adult Vickid mice, and compare these findings to the role previously recognized for c-Kit in lymphocyte developmentduringfetal andneonatal life. ThymocyteDevelopmentin Neonatalc-KitWIW Mice Analysesofthymocyte development in both neonatal c-KitWIW mice, as well as in adult wild type mice grafted with either wild type or c-Kit-ligand-deficient fetal thymic transplants (Sl/S\) revealed that intrathymically expressed c-Kit ligand is a major factor driving expansion ofvery immature thymocytes in vivo. Transplantation ofSl/SI grafts was importantto separateeffectsdueto lack ofKit! at the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) level (as in the fetal liver of c-KitW/w mice) from intrathwmic development (as in Sl/SI thymi grafted intowild type mice). In the neonatal c-Kit IW thymus, and in Sl/SI thymus grafts, the size of the CD3-CD4-CD8- (triple-negative [TN]) thymocyte compartment was reduced -40 fold and -12 fold, respectivly. This reduction in TN cell numbers was due to diminished proliferation in the thymus as shown by in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling of thymocytes in wildtype or SUSI mutant grafts. Collectively, lack of Kit! in the thymic environment reduces the expansion rate ofTN, but not overall thymocytes, by -50%. Apart from these clear alterations at early stages of thymfi,Vte development, thymocyte development was permissive in both neonatal c-KitW mice and in SI/SI thymus grafts. Thus, this study (Rodewaldetal., 1995),togetherwith earlierinvivo work(Asamoto and Mandel, 1981), has established a role, albeit not an essential one, for c-KitiKitl interactions in the expansionofvery earlythymic immigrants.
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