Lyme Borreliosis

316 Pages·1994·13.04 MB·English

by  Professor Allen C. Steere (auth.), John S. Axford, David H. E. Rees (eds.)

Lyme Borreliosis
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science
Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological
knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction
with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics New York and London
C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers
D Behavioral and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Barcelona
I Global Environmental Change
Recent Volumes in this Series
Volume 256 -Advances in the Biomechanics of the Hand and Wrist
edited by F. Schuind, K. N. An, W. P. Cooney III, and
M. Garcia-Elias
Volume 257 -Vascular Endothelium: Physiological Basis of Clinical Problems II
edited by John D. Catravas, Allan D. Callow, and Una S. Ryan
Volume 258 -A Multidisciplinary Approach to Myelin Diseases II
edited by S. Salvati
Volume 259 -Experimental and Theoretical Advances in Biological Pattern
Formation
edited by Hans G. Othmer, Philip K. Maini, and James D. Murray
Volume 260 -Lyme Borreliosis
edited by John S. Axford and David H. E. Rees
Volume 261 -New Generation Vaccines: The Role of Basic Immunology
edited by Gregory Gregoriadis, Brenda McCormack,
Anthony C. Allison, and George Poste
Volume 262 -Radiolabeled Blood Elements: Recent Advances in Techniques and
Applications
edited by J. Martin-Comin, M. L. Thakur, C. Piera, M. Roca, and
F. LameF\a
~
Series A: Life Sciences
Lyme Borreliosis
Edited by
John S. Axford David H. E. Rees
and
st.
George's Hospital Medical School
University of London
London, United Kingdom
Plenum Press
New York and London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Lyme Borreliosis,
held May 19-20, 1993,
in London, United Kingdom
NATO-PCO-DATA BASE
The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with
keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30,000 contributions from international scientists
published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is
possible in two ways:
-via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei,
1-00044 Frascati, Italy
-via CD-ROM "NATO Science and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in
English, French, and German (©WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The
CD-ROM also contains the AGARD Aerospace Database.
The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through
NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium.
LIbrary of Congress CatalogIng-In-PublIcatIon Data
Lyme borreliosis I edited by John S. Axford and David H.E. Rees.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series A, Life sciences: v.
260)
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Lyme
Borreliosls, held May 19-20, 1993 in London, United Klngdom"--T.p.
verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-306-44664-2
1. Lyme disease--Congresses. I. Axford, John S. II. Rees, David
H. E. III. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs
Division. IV. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Lyme Borreliosis
(1993 : London, England) V. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Lyme Dlsease--congresses. 2. Borrelia burgdorferl
-congresses. WC 406 L9853 19941
RC155.5.L93 1994
616.8'2--dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 94-2223
CIP
ISBN 0-306-44664-2
©1994 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or
otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Lyme Borreliosis is a worldwide infectious disease causing a multisystem illness
with considerable morbidity, particularly in North America and Europe. The causative
agent is the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi, which is usually transmitted by the ixodid
tick from animal reservoirs. This book is formed by contributions from the Second
European Symposium on Lyme Borreliosis, held at St George's Hospital Medical School,
London in 1993, which reviewed the current state of knowledge of the condition with
regard to clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, ecology, epidemiology, biology
and immunopathogenesis.
In this book, important data is reviewed concerning the clinical manifestations of
Lyme Borreliosis. It seems that strain variation of the spirochaete is the main cause of
regional differences seen in the clinical presentation of patients. One striking example of
this, is the relatively high incidence of Lyme arthritis in the USA and apparent rarity of
this manifestion in some areas of Europe. These important studies open the way for
exciting new research that focuses on the immunological and molecular mechanisms that
result in disease. A full insight into the ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi is essential to a
balanced understanding of the disease and a number of excellent reviews on this subject
are included. Significant advances with regard to the biology of Borrelia burgdorjeri and
the immunopathogenic mechanisms that result in disease have been made, enabling the
role of the Band T lymphocytes in disease to be established and the development of
sophisticated phenotyping methods, improved diagnostic tests and effective vaccines.
The meeting brought together most European and several American experts in the
field and was a resounding success. This book summarises the proceedings of the Second
European Symposium on Lyme Borreliosis and will give the reader up-to-the-minute
knowledge on this important and fascinating condition.
JOHN S. AXFORD
DA VID H. E. REES
v
CONTENTS
The Henry Fuller Lecture ..... .... .... .......... .... ............ ...... .... .... ...... ........ .......... ......... 1
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Arthritis
Professor Allen C. Steere
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT
Clinical Manifestations of Lyme Borreliosis in an Italian Endemic Region ......... 7
G. Bianchi, L. Buffrini, P. Monteforte, V. Garzia, M. C. Grignolo,
G. L. Mancardi, A. Parodi, F. Crovato and G. Rovetta
Lyme Borreliosis in Children ................................................................................. 13
H. J. Christen, F. Hanefield, H. E. Eiffert and R. Thomssen
Lyme Carditis ......................................................................................................... 21
J. Evans, L. Rosenfeld and R. Schoen
A Recombinant OspA and OspB Based Lyme Disease Vaccine ........................... 25
E. Fikrig, F. S. Kantor, S. W. Barthold and R. A. Flavell
Acrodermatitis Chronic a Atrophicans and Lyme Arthritis: Study of Czech
Lyme Borreliosis Patients Having both Syndromes ..................................... 33
J. Hercogova, M. Valesova, M. Tomankova and D. Frosslova
Aspects of Lyme Carditis ....................................... .................. ...... ........................ 39
M. R. van der Linde and H. J. G. M. Crijns
Borrelia Burgdorferi Shown by PCR from Skin Biopsy Specimen After a Fly
Bite ................................................................................................................ 45
J. Oksi, I. Helander, H. Aho, M. Marjamiiki and M. K. Viljanen
Lyme Arthritis: Experience from Somerset, England ........................................... 49
T. G. Palferman
vii
No Evidence to Implicate Borrelia Burgdorferi in the Pathogenesis of Dilated
Cardiomyopathy in the UK ........................................................................... 55
D. H. E. Rees, P. Keeling, J. McKenna and 1. S. Axford
Evidence for Lyme Disease in Urban Park Workers: A Potential New Health
Hazard for City Inhabitants ........................................................................... 61
D. H. E. Rees and 1.S. Axford
Management of a Deer Tick Bite ........................................................................... 69
S. K. Sood, M. B. Salzman, L. Carmody, L. G. Rubin and 1. Piesman
ECOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY
Lyme Borreliosis in Australia ................................................................................ 75
R. D. Barry, B. 1. Hudson, D. R. Shafren and M. C. Wills
Geographic Diversity of Lyme Borreliosis ............................................................ 83
G. Bianchi and G. Rovetta
Parallelism Between Lyme and Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Sero-
Epidemiology Following Occupational Exposure in South Germany.. ........ 89
1. Clement, H. Leirs, P. McKenna, V. Armour, D. Ward, 1. Groen,
A. Osterhaus and C. Kunz
Investigation of Genetic Changes Associated with Attenuation of Borrelia
Burgdorferi by In Vitro Cultivation ............................................................ 95
A. R. Emilianus, K. J. Cann, D. J. M. Wright and L. C. Archard
Phytoecological Mapping of Ixodes Ricinus as an Approach to the Distribution
of Lyme Borreliosis in France ...................................................................... 105
B. Gilot, C. Guiguen, B. Degeilh, B. Doche, J. Pichot and J. C. Beaucournu
The Ecology of Lyme Borreliosis in Sweden ........................................................ 113
T. G. T. Jaenson, S. Bergstrom, H. A. Mejlon, L. Noppa, B. Olsen and
L. Talleklint
Lyme Disease in Scotland -Results of a Serological Study in Sheep ................... 117
G. B. B. Mitchell and I. W. Smith
The Ecology of Lyme Borreliosis in the UK ......................................................... 125
P. Nuttal, S. Randolph, D. Carey, N. Craine, A. Livesley and L. Gem
The relative Contributions of Transovarial and Transstadial Transmission to the
Maintenance of Tick-Borne Diseases ........................................................... 131
S. E. Randolph
viii
Epidemiology of Lyme Disease in Italy ................................................................ 135
G. Trevisan, J. Simeoni, P. Conci, A. M. Bassot, C. Nobile, G. Stinco,
G. Bianchi and G. Rovetta
Role of Host Density in the Ecology of Lyme Disease ......................................... 139
T. E. Awerbuch and A. Spielman
Borrelia Burgdorferi Studies in Man and Ticks in Scotland ................................ 147
S. M. Curtin & T. H. Pennington
BIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS
Expression of Public Idiotypes in Patients with Lyme Arthritis ............................ 155
J. S. Axford, R. A. Watts, A. A. Long, D. A. Isenberg and A. C. Steere
Cellular Immune Reactions to Borrelia Burgdorferi -The T-cell-Macrophage
Axis ............................................................................................................... 169
G. R. Burmester, T. Hliupl and M. Rittig
OspB Sequence Variation to Borrelia Burgdorferi along the Coast of Maine ..... 175
D. A. Caporale, T. D. Kocher, R. P. Smith, P. W. Rand and E. H. Lacombe
Multiple Amino Acid Sequence Alignment of the Major Outer Surface Proteins
OspA and OspB of Various Borrelia Burgdorferi Strains . ............ .............. 181
W. Fellinger, M. Reindl, G. Stoffler and B. Redl
Lyme Disease in an Experimental Cat Model ....................................................... 187
M. D. Gibson, C. R. Young, M. T. Ornran, K. Palma, J. F. Edwards and
J. A. Rawlings
Borrelia Burgdorferi Infection in Mice: Aspects of Inflammation and Immune
Responses ..................... ................................................................................. 201
N. Honarvar, E. Boggemeyer, C. Galanos, M. Modolell, D. Vestweber,
R. Wallich, M. D. Kramer, U. E. Schaible and M. M. Simon
Chemotaxonomy of Borrelia ................................................................................. 211
M. A. Livesley and P. A. Nuttall
Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Chinese Borrelia Burgdorferi from
Various Sources ............................................................................................ 217
L. Muqing, W. Jianhui and Z. Zhefu
Lyme Disease in an Experimental Mouse Model .................................................. 227
S. Reddy, M. D. Gibson, J. Rawlings, G. Stoica and C. R. Young
ix
Sectional Uptake and Cytosolic Processing of Borrelia Burgdorferi by Human
Phagocytes ................... .......................................... ......................... ........ ...... 241
M. G. Rittig, M. Kressel, T. Haupl and G. R. Burmester
Physical and Genetic Maps of the Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato
Chromosomes . .......... ... ............................ .............. ................................ ....... 249
I. Saint Girons, I. G. Old, C. Ojaimi, J. MacDougall and B. E. Davidson
Repeated DNA Sequences on Circular and Linear Plasmids of Borrelia
Burgdorferi Sensu Lato ....................... .......................................................... 253
W. R. ZUckert, E. Filipuzzi-Jenny, 1. Meister-Turner,
M. Stalhammar-Carlemalm and J. Meyer
Biochemical and Immunological Analysis of a Polymorphic Low-Molecular-
Weight Lipoprotein of Borrelia Burgdorferi ................................................ 261
R. Wallich, C. Helmes, U. E. Schaible, M. D. Kramer and M. M. Simon
DIAGNOSIS
Detection of Lyme Disease Spirochaete DNA in Clinical Samples ...................... 269
K. 1. Cann, M. L. Wilson, C. Akintunde, L. Archard and D. 1. M. Wright
Clinical and Serological Study of Lyme Borreliosis in a Population of
Neurological Patients .......... ,. ......................................................................... 279
E. Capello, G. Bianchi, P. Monteforte, L. Buffrini, A. Schenone, S. Ratto,
N. Dagnino, G. Rovetta and G. L. Mancardi
Pitfalls in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis .................................... 285
S. J. Cutler and D. J. M. Wright
Serodiagnosis of Lyme Disease in the UK ............................................................ 291
E. Guy, I. Ferguson, R. Sorouri-Zanjani and S. O'Connell
PCR-Based Detection of CSF Borrelia Burgdorferi as a Predictor of Treatment
Response in CNS Lyme Borreliosis .............................................................. 295
J. Halperin, T. Keller and M. Whitman
Diagnostic Detection of Borrelia Burgdorferi DNA by the Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) .................................................................. ........................... 303
A-M. Lebech
Improved Detection of Immunoglobulin M in Sera of Erythema Migrans
Patients by Westem Blotting with a Local Borrelia Burgdorferi Skin
Isolate .................................................. .................. ........................................ 307
S. Rijpkema, H. Kuiper, M. Molkenboer, A. van Dam and J. Schellekens
x
Differentiation of Borrelia burgdorferi Isolates from Ticks and Humans by
Different Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunofluorescence .......................... 315
A. Schonberg and C. Loser
The use of PCR in the Direct Detection of Borrelia Burgdorferi from Ixodes
Dammini ....................................................................................................... 321
R. Sun, S. L. Barmat, S. H. McQuilkin, L. S. Risley and R. Diaco
Borrelia Burgdorferi Detected in the Blood, Synovium and Skin of Patients
with Lyme Arthritis ...................................................................................... 327
M. Valesovcl, J. Hercogovcl and D. Hulfnska
Index ...................................................................................................................... 331
xi