Lung Cancer Therapy Annual 7

186 Pages·2012·4.689 MB·English

by  Rolf A. Stahel

LUNG
CANCER
THERAPY
2
1
6/
1
7/
0
n
o
er
nt
e
C
al
dic ANNUAL
e
M
Nyu nly.
om by al use o 7
cn
ealthcare.For perso
h
a
m
or
nf
m i
o
d fr
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D

Rolf A. Stahel
Lung Cancer Therapy
Annual 7
2
1
6/
1
7/
0
n
o
er
nt
e
C
al
c
di
e
M
Nyu nly.
om by al use o
cn
ealthcare.For perso
h
a
m
or
nf
m i
o
d fr
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
2
1
6/
1
7/
0
n
o
er
nt
e
C
al
c
di
e
M
Nyu nly.
om by al use o
cn
ealthcare.For perso
h
a
m
or
nf
m i
o
d fr
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
Lung Cancer Therapy
Annual 7
Edited by
Rolf A. Stahel, MD
Senior Staff Physician at the Clinic and Policlinic of Oncology,
University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland
2
1
6/
1
7/
0
n
o
er
nt
e
C
al
c
di
e
M
Nyu nly.
om by al use o
cn
ealthcare.For perso
h
a
m
or
nf
m i
o
d fr
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
First published in 2012 by Informa Healthcare, 119 Farringdon Road, London EC1R 3DA, UK.
This edition published in 2012 by Informa Healthcare, 119 Farringdon Road, London EC1R 3DA, UK.
Simultaneously published in the USA by Informa Healthcare, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY
10017, USA.
Informa Healthcare is a trading division of Informa UK Ltd. Registered Offi ce: Informa House, 30–32 Mortimer
Street, London W1W 7RE, UK. Registered in England and Wales, number 1072954.
© 2012 Informa Healthcare, except as otherwise indicated
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Reprinted material is quoted with permission. Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners
of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in sub-
sequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
2
1
6/ in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, unless with the
1
7/ prior written permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
0
n Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licens-
o
er ing Agency Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS UK, or the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.,
ent 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA (http://www.copyright.com/ or telephone [phone]).
C
al
dic Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi ca-
e
M tion and explanation without intent to infringe.
Nyu nly.
com by nal use o Tprauhcbiysl iobsrho fioa ktcn cceuosrnsa tftaoei rni nasf pionarfmrotriacmtuioalatnri,o ptnhu efrr ppooumsbe lr ioespfh utehrta emb ilnaekf oseorsmu nraocte iwso aanrn rodar n aatlditehvsoi c(ueeg icthho renerta aesixonpnerdaeb shlsee o reerfi finom.r Ttpshl iheea dpv)ue a bbsl eitseohn te hmr ewa adicsech uteo-s
healthcare.For perso ttinohf emoirra mpkeear tisitoo cnnl eaoal rrv gtiuehwiadts a aannncyed v coioepnwitnsa iioonrne sod p aininn dtiho dinsos b enoxooptk r neisse scienedst esiannrd itlehydi s rf eobflr oe ouckst e tb hsyoe li envlidyei wbvyisd /moupaelid naiicuoatnlh spo rroosf f oethrs seci oopnnuatbrlsilbi ssuthrteiocrr.t slAy a naryes
a
m a supplement to the medical professional’s own judgement, knowledge of the patient’s medical history, rel-
nfor evant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances
m i in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures, or diagnoses should be independently
o
d fr verifi ed. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particu-
e lar individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own
d
oa professional judgements, so as appropriately to advise and treat patients. Save for death or personal injury
nl
w caused by the publisher’s negligence and to the fullest extent otherwise permitted by law, neither the pub-
o
D lisher nor any person engaged or employed by the publisher shall be responsible or liable for any loss, injury

or damage caused to any person or property arising in any way from the use of this book.
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-8418-4865-5
eISBN: 978-184-1-84867-9
Orders may be sent to: Informa Healthcare, Sheepen Place, Colchester, Essex CO3 3LP, UK
Telephone: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://informahealthcarebooks.com
For corporate sales please contact: [email protected]
For foreign rights please contact: [email protected]
For reprint permissions please contact: [email protected]
Typeset by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
Dedication
Heine Hansen died in September 2011. He was the editor of the Lung Cancer Therapy Annual since its incep-
tion until he entrusted this task to me in 2011. The 7th edition of the Lung Cancer Therapy Annual is dedi-
cated to his memory.
Heine Hansen was dedicated to the fi eld of lung cancer and a mentor to many of us working in this fi eld.
After a productive stay in the USA, where he became assistant professor at the George Washington Univer-
sity, he returned home to Denmark, where he became professor at the Finsen Center. After his retirement he
continued working at the Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen. He was the driving force behind the Danish Second
Opinion System allowing cancer patients to explore the possibility of international treatment options.
Throughout his active life, he was committed to promote the fi ght against lung cancer by collaborative
efforts. He was president of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) 1988–1991
and later became its fi rst executive director. During this time he organized multidisciplinary workshops
12 aimed at improving the diagnosis of treatment of lung cancer, interactive and friendly events that many of
16/ us keep in good memory. He also became editor in-chief of the journal Lung Cancer, at that time the offi cial
07/ journal of the society until 2006, when this task passed to me.
n
o Heine Hansen joined the European Society of Medical Oncology and became its president from 1995
nter until 1997 and subsequently became its executive director. Of his many visions and merits I would like to
e
C mention the promotion of medical oncology as a specialty, the activation of the Eastern European Task force,
cal the initiation of the ESMO guidelines process, and the creation of a Global Core Curriculum for medical
edi oncology.
M
Nyu nly. shaHpeeidn em Hanayn soerng ahnaisz abtieoenns .a H spe ilreiatevdes lbeaedheinr da nmda na yg frreiaetn dmse. ntor in the fi eld. His visions and actions have
om by al use o Rolf Stahel
cn
ealthcare.For perso
h
a
m
or
nf
m i
o
d fr
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
Contents
Contributors vii
1. Epidemiology of lung cancer 1
Menghua Tao and Paolo Boffetta
2. Prevention, early detection and screening 9
Giulia Veronesi
3. Staging 22
Christophe Dooms
4. Histo- and molecular pathology of lung cancer 32
2 A. Soltermann, S. Peters, and V. Tischler
1
6/
1 5. Oncogenic driver mutations 45
7/
n 0 Hiromichi Ebi and Tetsuya Mitsudomi
o
er 6. First-line therapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer not harboring
nt
Ce an activating EGFR mutation 59
al Cesare Gridelli and Antonio Rossi
c
di
Me 7. First-line therapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with activating
Nyu nly. EGFR mutations 75
om by al use o 8. SCeaciocunnd -Zlihnoeu therapy of non-small cell lung cancer 85
cn
healthcare.For perso 9. ADAldaevjjuaidnv adFnr. otH aNeniagdve annreerroo, aSMdajebuninvdeai vnBitlo tahhnnedert aE, pannyri doq ufM entaoarn tFi-nesl miRpeaclkl cell lung cancer 93
a
m
or 10. Advances in surgery of lung cancer 104
m inf Paul E. Van Schil, Jeroen M. Hendriks, Marjan Hertoghs, Patrick Lauwers, and Cliff K. Choong
o
d fr 11. Recent advances in radiotherapy for lung cancer 119
de Dirk K. M. De Ruysscher and José S.A. Belderbos
a
o
nl 12. Treatment of small cell lung cancer 129
w
Do Aleksandar Aleksic and Sanjay Popat

13. Mesothelioma 141
Emanuela Felley-Bosco and Isabelle Opitz
14. Thymic tumors 151
Enrico Ruffi ni, Pier Luigi Filosso, Paolo Lausi, and Alberto Oliaro
Index 171
Contributors
Paolo Boffetta Caicun Zhou
Professor of Medicine and Deputy Director, Tisch Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary
Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Hospital, Cancer Institute of Medical School,
New York, NY, USA Tongji University
Vice President for Research International Prevention
Research Institute, Lyon, France David Heigener
Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hospital
Menghua Tao Grosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Mount
Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Sabine Bohnet
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Medical
2 Giulia Veronesi University Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
1
6/ Director, Lung Cancer Early Detection Unit, Division
1
7/ of Thoracic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Martin Reck
0
on Milan, Italy Department of Thoracic Oncology, Hospital
er Grosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
nt
e Christophe Dooms
C
al Respiratory Oncology Unit (Pulmonology), Enriqueta Felip
c
di University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Oncology Department, Vall d’Hebron University
e
M Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
Nyu nly. Alex Soltermann
om by al use o IZnusrtiitcuht, eZ oufr Sicuhr,g Sicwail tPzeartlhaonldogy, University Hospital AOlnecjoalnodgyro D Nepaavratrmroe nMt, eVnadlli vdi’lHebron University
cn Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
healthcare.For perso SMUonélidavenecrgisnei t PAaeisrtseeo rVcsiaéu, Cdoains c(eCr HCUenVte)r,, LCaeunstarne nHeo, spitalier PDaeupla Ert.m Veannt Socf hTihloracic and Vascular Surgery,
a
m Switzerland Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem (Antwerp),
or
nf Belgium
m i Verena Tischler
o
ed fr IZnusrtiitcuht, eZ oufr Sicuhr,g Sicwail tPzeartlhaonldogy, University Hospital JDeerpoaernt mMe.n Ht eonf Tdrhiokrsacic and Vascular Surgery,
d
oa Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem (Antwerp),
nl
w Hiromichi Ebi Belgium
o
D Assistant Professor, Division of Medical Oncology,

Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Marjan Hertoghs
Kanazawa, Japan Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery,
Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem (Antwerp),
Tetsuya Mitsudomi Belgium
Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of
Thoracic Surgery, Kinki University School Patrick Lauwers
of Medicine, Osaka, Japan Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery,
Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem (Antwerp),
Cesare Gridelli Belgium
Division of Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital,
Avellino, Italy Cliff K. C. Choong
Associate Professor in Surgery, Monash Univeristy,
Antonio Rossi Consultant Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Monash Medical
Division of Medical Oncology, S.G. Moscati Hospital, Centre and Dandenong Hospital, Southern Health,
Avellino, Italy Melbourne, Australia
VIII CONTRIBUTORS
Dirk K. M. De Ruysscher Isabelle Opitz
Radiation Oncologist, Professor of Respiratory Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital
Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology Zurich, Switzerland
(Maastro Clinic), Maastricht University Medical
Center, GROW School for Oncology and Emanuela Felley-Bosco
Developmental Biology, Maastricht, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinic of
The Netherlands Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
Enrico Ruffini
José S.A. Belderbos
Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Torino,
Radiation Oncologist, Department of Radiation
Torino, Italy
Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni
van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The
Pier Luigi Filosso
Netherlands
Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Torino,
Torino, Italy
Aleksandar Aleksic
Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Paolo Lausi
2
6/1 London, UK Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Torino,
7/1 Torino, Italy
n 0 Sanjay Popat
o
er Clinical Senior Lecturer, Imperial College, London Alberto Oliaro
nt Consultant Medical Oncologist, Royal Marsden Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Torino,
e
C
al Hospital, London, UK Torino, Italy
c
di
e
M
Nyu nly.
om by al use o
cn
ealthcare.For perso
h
a
m
or
nf
m i
o
d fr
e
d
a
o
nl
w
o
D
1 Epidemiology of lung cancer
Menghua Tao and Paolo Boffetta
INTRODUCTION
The history of lung cancer epidemiology parallels the history of modern chronic disease epidemiology.
Although an excess of lung cancer was fi rst observed among miners and some other occupational groups in
the 19th century, an epidemic increase in lung cancer began in the fi rst half of the 20th century, with much
speculation and controversy about its possible environmental causes. Later, lung cancer became a milestone
in epidemiology when its predominant cause, tobacco smoking, was established in a series of landmark stud-
ies beginning in 1950. This chapter on the epidemiology of lung cancer will discuss the recent trends in lung
cancer incidence and briefl y review the current topics that have been widely discussed at meetings and in the
2 literature: lung cancer in never-smokers, gender differences in the incidence of lung cancer, whether screen-
1
6/ ing with low-dose computed tomography (CT) should be recommended, and the small but important
1
7/ improvements in survival among lung cancer patients. We also will present a summary of known risk factors
0
on of lung cancer.
er
nt
e
C
al INCIDENCE
dic Lung cancer has been the most common cancer in the world for several decades. According to the most recent
e
M statistics GLOBOCAN 2008, estimating the occurrence of cancer worldwide for the year 2008, 1,092,000 men
Nyu nly. and 516, 000 women were diagnosed with lung cancer, representing 12.7% of all new cancer cases.1 There are
com by nal use o nN47oe9ww,0 fZ0e0ew aoelraf nlaudlln) cgta hcnaacnne crisen r i nlce asmss eadsl eeivnse ilmno potehrdee drdeeegvvieeollonopsp eeoddf rctehogeui onwntorsir e(lsdN ao(nrredtsh t1e 6orn.f8 %tAhme o ewrr oi6cr1al2d, ,)J0a, 0pc0oa nrinr, e Edspueorvoenpldoeip,n iagnn gtdo c Ao1uu6n.s2ttr%raiel iosa.r/1
healthcare.For perso Cc inaodnricrveeirsd pudoaenlasdt hdin ygiinn p gem frrceoenmn ta antghdee s tdfhoiesre aswesoecom inned n2 0lwe0ae8dr,e iwn 9gh.4 icc%hau aesnqeud oa 7fte .9sc% atno. c W1e8ro .2rdl%edaw tohifd eian,l l l uwcnaongm cceearnn d cweeari ttihhss t.ah1 beLo uluenatg d 1icn.a3gn8 c cemaru isilnlei ocoin-f
a
m dence is generally higher in men than in women, the magnitude of the difference varies from two- to nine-fold.
nfor Worldwide, lung cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women, but the occurrence has recently shown
m i a steeper increase among women over time than in men.
o
d fr Among both women and men, the incidence of lung cancer is low in persons under age 40 and increases
e up to age 70 or 75. The decline in incidence in the older age groups can be explained, at least in part, by
d
oa incomplete diagnosis or by a generation (birth-cohort) effect.
nl
w The main histological types of lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, adenocarci-
o
D noma, and large cell carcinoma. Over the last 20 years, the distribution of histologic types of lung cancer has

been changing. In North America, squamous cell carcinoma, formerly the predominant type, has declined by
approximately 30%; small cell carcinoma rates have decreased less rapidly; however, adenocarcinoma has
increased in both genders.2,3 In Europe, similar changing patterns have been observed in men; however, both
squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma rates are increasing among women.3,4 In Japan, incidence rates
of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma decreased, while lung adenocarcinoma incidence rates
have continuously increased in both men and women since 1990s.5 The increased incidence of adenocarci-
noma may be due, at least partially, to improvement of diagnostic techniques, while changes in composition
and patterns of tobacco consumption (deeper inhalation of low-nicotine and tar tobacco smoke) are also
possible explanations.6
GEOGRAPHICAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS
The geographical and temporal variations in the incidence of lung cancer observed in both men and women
refl ect differences in the stage of the tobacco smoking epidemic.7–9 In populations that are not exposed to
tobacco smoke or industrial lung carcinogens, the age-adjusted incidence rate (standardized to the World
Standard Population) of lung cancer is generally below 5 per 100,000 per year.10,11 Among men, lung cancer
is still the most common cancer in the world, with high incidence rates in central-eastern and southern
Europe, northern America, and eastern Asia.1 The highest incidence rates of lung cancer are reported in