Luminous bliss : a religious history of Pure Land literature in Tibet : with an annotated English translation and critical analysis of the Orgyan-gling gold manuscript of the short Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra PDF
Preview Luminous bliss : a religious history of Pure Land literature in Tibet : with an annotated English translation and critical analysis of the Orgyan-gling gold manuscript of the short Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra
Luminous Bliss a religious history of pure land literature in tibet Georgios T. Halkias This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Luminous Bliss This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Pure La!nd Buddhist Studies a publication of the Institute of Buddhist Studies at the Graduate Theological Union EDITORIAL BOARD Richard K. Payne Chair, Institute of Buddhist Studies at the Graduate Theological Union Carl Bielefeldt Stanford University James Dobbins Oberlin College Jérôme Ducor Université de Lausanne Marvin Harada Orange County Buddhist Church Paul Harrison Stanford University Anne Klein Rice University David Matsumoto Institute of Buddhist Studies at the Graduate Theological Union Eisho Nasu Ryūkoku University Jonathan Silk Universiteit Leiden Kenneth K. Tanaka Musashino University This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Luminous Bliss A Religious History of Pure Land Literature in Tibet With an annotated English translation and critical analysis of the Orgyan-gling gold manuscript of the short Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra Georgios T. Halkias University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms © 2013 Institute of Buddhist Studies All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Halkias, Georgios. Luminous bliss : a religious history of Pure Land literature in Tibet : with an annotated English translation and critical analysis of the Orgyan-gling gold manuscript of the short Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra / Georgios T. Halkias. p. cm.—(Pure Land Buddhist studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-3590-3 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Pure Land Buddhism—China—Tibet Autonomous Region. 2. Buddhist literature, Tibetan—History and criticism. 3. Tripitaka. Sutrapitaka. Sukhavativyuha (Smaller) I. Tripitaka. Sutrapitaka. Sukhavativyuha (Smaller). English. II. Title. III. Series: Pure Land Buddhist studies. BQ8514.4.C62H35 2013 294.3'85—dc23 2012007446 The Pure Land Buddhist Studies series publishes scholarly works on all aspects of the Pure Land Buddhist tradition. Historically, this includes studies of the origins of the tradition in India, its transmission into a variety of religious cultures, and its conti- nuity into the present. The series is committed to providing a venue for diverse methodological approaches, including but not limited to anthropological, sociologi- cal, historical, textual, biographical, philosophical, and interpretive, as well as trans- lations of primary and secondary works. The series will also seek to reprint important works so that they may continue to be available to the scholarly and lay communities. The Pure Land Buddhist Studies series is made possible through the generosity of the Buddhist Churches of America’s Fraternal Benefit Association. We wish to express our deep appreciation to the Institute of Buddhist Studies for its support. University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Printer-ready copy prepared by Marianne Dresser. This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms This work is dedicated to my parents. To loving Aggeliki, inspiring Triantafyllos, and the wisdom incarnation of Terton Rigzin Chogyal Dorje. This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:21 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Contents Preface by Series Editor xi Acknowledgments xiii Buddhisms and Other Conventions xvii Abbreviations xix Preface xxiii Introduction xxv Part I. Early Pure Land Traditions in India, Tibet, and Central Asia Chapter One: Indian Mahayana Origins and Departures 3 The Soteriology of Buddha Fields 3 Pure Lands as Skillful Means 7 The Emptiness of Pure Lands 9 The Sutras of Pure Land Faith 12 Unending Luminosity and Life 15 Archaeological and Literary Records 18 The Mahayana Past of a Solar Deity 20 In the Garden of the Gods 24 Amitābha in Tibetan Representation 27 Indian Pure Land Commentaries in East Asia 32 Chapter Two: Pure Lands and the Tibetan Empire 35 The Tibetans and the Tang Dynasty 35 Indo-Sino-Tibetan Trends 38 Central Eurasian Markets of Knowledge 49 The Buddhist Emperors of Tibet 52 Soteriological Conflicts at bSam-yas 57 Imperial Registers and Their Texts 61 The SukhāvatīSutras in Tibetan Translation 63 vii This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:53 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Contents Pure Land Literature in Early Tibet 66 An Aspiration Poem from Dunhuang 75 Part II. Pure Land Texts in Tibetan Contexts Chapter Three: The Dharma That Goes against the Ways of the World: The ShortSukhāvatīvyūha-sūtrawith an English Translation from Tibetan 87 Editions of the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra in the Kanjur 87 Contents and Divisions of the Sutra 92 An Annotated English Translation of the bDe-mdo 94 Chapter Four:Tibetan Pure Land Commentaries 101 Birth in Sukhāvatī and Its Four Causes 101 The Tibetan Genre of Pure Land Literature 103 Eulogies of the dGe-lugs-pa School 104 Tsong-kha-pa blo-bzang grags-pa (1357–1419) 105 Paṇchen Blo-bzang chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan (1567–1662) 108 lCang-skya ngag-dbang blo-bzang chos-ldan (1642–1714) 111 The bKa’-brgyud Yogis of Sukhāvatī 112 Karma chags-med (1613–1678) 113 Glag-bla bsod-nams chos-’grub (1862–1944) 116 Commentaries from the rNying-ma School 120 dPal-sprul o-rgyan ’jigs-med chos-kyi-dbang-po (1808–1887) 120 Mi-pham ’jam-dbyangs rnam-rgyal (1846–1912) 121 rDo-grub-chen ’jigs-med bstan-pa’i-nyi-ma (1865–1926) 131 A Dream-Yoga to the Pure Land from Sa-skya 134 Part III. Pure Lands and Pure Visions Chapter Five: Tantric Transfer in Sukhāvatī 139 Pure Lands in the Tibetan Canon 139 The Dhāraṇī of the Essence of Aparimitāyus 141 Aparimitāyus Lineages 142 Amitāyus Longevity Rituals 145 viii This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:53 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Contents Tantric Genres and Techniques of Bliss 146 Transferring Consciousness to a Buddha Field 150 The Great Drikung Festival and Public Ceremonies of Phowa 154 The Standing Blade of Grass 155 Chapter Six: The Celestial Treasures of Buddha Amitābha 165 The Treasure Literature of the Ancients 165 Celestial Encounters with Buddha Amitābha 167 The Pure Vision of gNam-chos mi-’gyur rdo-rje 169 Attaining the Sukhāvatī Kṣetrafrom the Celestial Dharma 170 Sukhāvatī Realized: Empowerment and Oral Instructions 174 The Wrathful Protectors of Sukhāvatī 179 Epilogue: From Sukhāvatī to Tibet and Back 187 Appendix I: A Critical Analysis of the Orgyan-gling Gold bDe-mdo 193 Appendix II: The Means of Attaining the Sukhāvatī Kṣetra: Editions and Liturgical Texts 209 Appendix III:An Anthology of Pure Land Texts from the Treasure Tradition 213 Notes 215 References 293 Index 323 ix This content downloaded from 147.8.204.164 on Mon, 17 Oct 2022 07:19:53 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
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