Luminescence in Electrochemistry: Applications in Analytical Chemistry, Physics and Biology

364 Pages·2017·4.26 MB·English

by  Fabien Miomandre

Fabien Miomandre · Pierre Audebert
Editors
Luminescence in
Electrochemistry
Applications in Analytical Chemistry,
Physics and Biology
Luminescence in Electrochemistry
Fabien Miomandre Pierre Audebert
(cid:129)
Editors
Luminescence
in Electrochemistry
Applications in Analytical Chemistry,
Physics and Biology
123
Editors
FabienMiomandre Pierre Audebert
PPSM PPSM
EcoleNormale Superieure deCachan EcoleNormale Superieure deCachan
Cachan Cachan
France France
ISBN978-3-319-49135-6 ISBN978-3-319-49137-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49137-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016956820
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Foreword
When our team, in collaboration with korean friends, started some while ago (in
2004)toworkonelectrofluorochromism(EF),wewereunawareatwhichpointthis
field was virgin, like many others closely related and now fully emerging. After
somepioneeringworksinthe1990sbyseveralrenownedresearcherslikeA.J.Bard
intheUS,R.ComptoninUK,C.AmatoreandE.LevillaininFranceamongothers,
it seems that a fresh momentum in the interplay of luminescence and electro-
chemistryappearedwithnewtargetslikethedetectionofafewchemicaleventsor
the design of new high contrast emitting displays.
Asstrangeasitmayseem,atthetimewestartedtobeinterestedinthecrossover
of electrochemical and photophysical properties, only electrochromism (EC, the
mostancientrelatedresearcharea)andelectrochemiluminescence(ECL)alongwith
some of its applications in biosensing, had already been really developed.
Undoubtedly the field of ‘luminescence and electrochemistry coupling’ had not
revealed all its potentialities at that time and the last twelve years confirmed that
matter of fact with several significant new contributions, where both fields were
concerned and sometimes intimately intricate.
Therefore, we were both delighted and honored when the renowned Springer
editionhousecontactedusaskingwhetherwewerewillingtoserveasguesteditors
of a book closely related to this ensemble of topics. This is how the concept of
“Luminescence in Electrochemistry” started on. After thorough discussions, we
were finally able to identify, besides the well-established domains as aforemen-
tioned,severalemergingones,likethedesignofnewmoleculesandmaterialsorthe
investigation of nanometer size systems where electrochemistry and light could
bringrealaddedvaluestotheknowledge.Thecombinationofallthesefieldsfinally
led to the organization of this book.
Thisorganizationletsthreedifferentsectionsappear.Thefirstone(chaptersEmission
Spectroelectrochemistry: Cell Design and Setup, In Situ Spectroelectrochemical
Fluorescence Microscopy for Visualizing Interfacial Structure and Dynamics in Self-
assembled Monolayers, Electrochemically Modulated Luminescence in Nanophotonic
v
vi Foreword
Structures) highlights the development of new instrumental set-up allowing to investi-
gate the coupling of electrochemistry and luminescence : emission spectroelectro-
chemistry which was at first designed with the model of its absorption counterpart
progressively evolved to let electrochemically coupled luminescence microscopy tech-
niques occupy the front of the stage, because their outstanding sensitivities enable to
lowerthedetectionthresholdtomonolayersornearlysinglemoleculesattheelectrode
interface.Thesecondsection(chaptersElectrochemicallyMonitoredPhotoluminescence
of Conjugated Polymers, Electrofluorochromic Devices with Organic Dyes and
Conjugated Polymers, Control of Emission and Coloration in Electrochemical
Systems and Its Applications) deals with electrofluorochromism (EF), that is the
control of the photogenerated light through the electrode potential by changing the
redoxstateofamoleculeorapolymerfilm.Thisfieldopensthewaytonewsystems
where absorption, reflection and emission can be smartly combined to lead to high
contrast,nightanddayoperableandmoreefficientlowcostdisplays.Thelastsection
of the book (chapters Theoretical Insights in ECL, Applications of Electrogenerated
ChemiluminescenceinAnalyticalChemistry,ElectrochemicallyDrivenLuminescence
in Organometallic and Inorganic Systems, Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells)
summarizesthelatestresultsintherelatedfieldsofECLandlightelectrochemicalcells
(LEC).WehavetakencaretogivealargeplacetoECL,withchapterscoveringatthe
same time the theoretical aspects, as well as the experimental ones and their applica-
tions especially in the medical diagnostic. Finally the principles and potentialities of
LEC, an electrochemical version of LED, are described in the last chapter.
Thus it appears that electrochemistry and luminescence can be combined in
differentways,eitherbyusingtheformertogeneratethelatterasinECLorLEC,or
simply to tune it like in EF. The issues in all these fields rely on various aspects,
typically from the molecules to the device. This requires the skills or organic
chemists to design new molecular systems, but also of physicists to develop more
andmoreinformativetechniquesallowingpushingthedetectiontothelimitbothin
thetimeandspacedomains.Thus,somepartsofthebookwillbemoredevotedto
chemistry (e.g. chapters Electrofluorochromic Devices with Organic Dyes and
Conjugated Polymers, Electrochemically Driven Luminescence in Organometallic
and Inorganic Systems) while others will be more concerned with the physics
(chapter In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Fluorescence Microscopy for Visualizing
Interfacial Structure and Dynamics in Self-assembled Monolayers) or the devices
(chapters Control of Emission and Coloration in Electrochemical Systems and Its
Applications,Light-EmittingElectrochemicalCells)thuscoveringthemainaspects
of the topic. In the image of its applications coming from electro-optics (light
emitting devices, displays …) to biology (biosensors, diagnostic, mechanisms
involved in biochemical phenomena …), the scope is actually very wide and thus
requires crossing knowledge of several disciplines (electronics, optics, spec-
troscopy,chemistry,biology,hydrodynamics…).Itisalsoakeypointofthisbook
to bring together contributions from experts with various backgrounds.
Foreword vii
This brief introduction would of course not be complete without warmly
thanking all our friends and colleagues that have kindly accepted to contribute to
this book. Not only their works are brilliant, but also they are essential to the
usefulness and future success of this book. Let alone one or two contributors had
declined, and this book would already have lost of its consistence and complete-
ness. We are really indebted towards them for their huge efforts in giving the best
of themselves to make sometimes complicated issues accessible to non-specialists
while keeping the scientific content at a very high level.
Toconcludewehopethatthiscompilation,beyondhighlightingthepotentiality
and versatility of coupling ‘luminescence and electrochemistry’, will stimulate
worldwide interest for this field. We would like that this book stimulates further
researcheverywhere,andthuscontributestotheemergenceofthisfield,althoughit
is already in progress. While the theoretical concepts are more or less now estab-
lished, we are certainly not aware of all the possible applications. Our wish is that
upon reading this book, people develop new ideas, thus contributing to the further
expansion of this fascinating research domain, and why not even further, that this
expansion leads to everyday life products and/or devices with high technological
impact.
Thanks to all the contributors and enjoy your reading.
Contents
Emission Spectroelectrochemistry: Cell Design and Setup... ..... .... 1
Olivier Alévêque and Eric Levillain
In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Fluorescence Microscopy
for Visualizing Interfacial Structure and Dynamics
in Self-assembled Monolayers ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 21
Jannu Casanova-Moreno, Zhinan Landis Yu, Jonathan Massey-Allard,
Brian Ditchburn, Jeff F. Young and Dan Bizzotto
Electrochemically Modulated Luminescence in Nanophotonic
Structures .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 79
W. Xu, L.P. Zaino and P.W. Bohn
Electrochemically Monitored Photoluminescence of Conjugated
Polymers . .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 105
Francisco Montilla and Francisco Huerta
Electrofluorochromic Devices with Organic Dyes and Conjugated
Polymers . .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 139
Seogjae Seo and Eunkyoung Kim
Control of Emission and Coloration in Electrochemical
Systems and Its Applications . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 175
Kenji Kanazawa, Kazuki Nakamura and Norihisa Kobayashi
Theoretical Insights in ECL.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 215
Alexander Oleinick, Oleksiy V. Klymenko, Irina Svir
and Christian Amatore
Applications of Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence
in Analytical Chemistry . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 257
Neso Sojic, Stéphane Arbault, Laurent Bouffier and Alexander Kuhn
ix
x Contents
Electrochemically Driven Luminescence in Organometallic
and Inorganic Systems .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 293
Andrea Fiorani, Giovanni Valenti, Elena Villani, Massimo Marcaccio,
Enrico Rampazzo, Luca Prodi and Francesco Paolucci
Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells ... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 327
Frédéric Dumur
Emission Spectroelectrochemistry: Cell
Design and Setup
Olivier Alévêque and Eric Levillain
Abstract This chapter reviews the most recent developments in the fluorescence
spectroelectrochemistry,coupleddetectionoffluorescenceandelectrochemicalsignals.
Itfocusesontheinstrumentaldevelopmentinfluorescencespectroelectrochemistryand
recentcouplingofelectrochemicaltechniqueswith fluorescencemicroscopy. Thefirst
part is dedicated to conventional fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry cells and the
second one to the electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy coupling.
1 Introduction and Chapter Scope
Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) combines both electrochemical and spectroscopic
experimentsandaffordstheinvestigationandidentificationofelectroactivespecies
under different redox states or products arising from redox reactions [1–13]. The
strength of this technique relies on generating spectroscopic information about
in situ electrogenerated species. The coupling can be done, for example, with
electronic absorption (UV/VIS/NIR absorption), light emission and scattering
(fluorescence), vibrational modes and frequencies (IR and Raman), magnetic res-
onance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR).
Combinedresultsfromelectricalandopticalresponsesallowdetailedinsightsin
underlyingmechanismsandmoreprecisestudiesthaneachprocesstakenseparately.
The typical application fields that involve spectroelectrochemistry are bioelec-
trochemistry, redox polymer processes, molecular electrochemistry, molecular
switches and organometallic reactions among others.
Historically, time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry was introduced in the 1990s
to study molecules in solution. Over the years, it became a complementary ana-
lytical technique to conventional electrochemical methods. The electrochemical
O.Alévêque(cid:1)E.Levillain(&)
LaboratoireMOLTECHAnjou—Universitéd’Angers/CNRSUMR6200,
2,BoulevardLavoisier,49045ANGERSCedex,France
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 1
F.MiomandreandP.Audebert(eds.),LuminescenceinElectrochemistry,
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-49137-0_1