Lubricants and Lubrication, 2 Volume Set

1856 Pages·2017·42.19 MB·English

by  Dresel

CONTENTS
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
A Word of Thanks
Preface to the 3rd Edition
Abbreviations
Volume 1
Chapter 1: Lubricants and Their Market
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lubricants Demand
1.3 Lubricants Competitor Landscape
1.4 Lubricant Systems
References
Chapter 2: Lubricants in the Tribological System
2.1 Lubricants as Part of Tribological Research
2.2 The Tribological System
2.3 Friction
2.4 Wear
References
Chapter 3: Rheology of Lubricants
3.1 Viscosity
3.2 Influence of Temperature on Viscosity (V–T Behaviour)
3.3 Viscosity–Pressure Dependency
3.4 The Effect of Shear Rate on Viscosity
3.5 Special Rheological Effects
3.6 Viscosity Grades
3.7 Viscosity Measurements
3.8 Viscosity Measurements at High Pressure
References
Chapter 4: Base Oils
4.1 Base Oils: A Historical Review and Outlook
4.2 Chemical Characterization of Mineral Base Oils
4.3 Refining
4.4 Base Oil Manufacturing by Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking
4.5 Boiling and Evaporation Behaviour of Base Oils
4.6 Base Oil Categories and Evaluation of Various Petroleum Base
Oils
References
Chapter 5: Synthetic Base Oils
5.1 Synthetic Hydrocarbons
5.2 Halogenated Hydrocarbons
5.3 Synthetic Esters
5.4 Polyalkylene Glycols
5.5 Other Polyethers
5.6 Other Synthetic Base Oils
5.7 Comparison of Synthetic Base Oils
5.8 Mixtures of Synthetic Lubricants
References
Chapter 6: Additives
6.1 Antioxidants
6.2 Viscosity Modifiers
6.3 Pour Point Depressants (PPD)
6.4 Detergents and Dispersants
6.5 Antifoam Agents
6.6 Demulsifiers and Emulsifiers
6.7 Dyes
6.8 Antiwear (AW) and Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives
6.9 Friction Modifiers (FM)
6.10 Corrosion Inhibitors
References
Chapter 7: Lubricants in the Environment
7.1 Definition of ‘Environment-Compatible Lubricants’
7.2 Current Situation
7.3 Tests to Evaluate Biotic Potential
7.4 Environmental Legislation 1: Registration, Evaluation and
Authorization of Chemicals (REACh)
7.5 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling
(GHS)
7.6 Environmental Legislation 2: Classification and Labelling of
Chemicals
7.7 Environmental Legislation 3: Regular use
7.8 Environmental Legislation 4: Emissions
7.9 Standardization of Environment-Compatible Hydraulic Fluids
7.10 Environmental Seal
7.11 Base Fluids
7.12 Additives
7.13 Products (Examples)
7.14 Safety Aspects of Handling Lubricants (Working Materials)
7.15 Skin Problems Caused by Lubricants
Further Reading
Chapter 8: Disposal of Used Lubricating Oils
8.1 Possible Uses of Waste Oil
8.2 Legislative Influences on Waste Oil Collection and
Reconditioning
8.3 Re-Refining
References
Chapter 9: Lubricants for Internal Combustion Engines
9.1 Four-Stroke Engine Oils
9.2 Two-Stroke Oils
9.3 Tractor Oils
9.4 Gas Engine Oils [41–43]
9.5 Marine Diesel Engine Oils [44]
References
Chapter 10: Gear Lubrication Oils
10.1 Requirements of Gear Lubrication Oils
10.2 Gear Lubrication Oils for Motor Vehicles
10.3 Gear Lubricants for Industrial Gears
References
Chapter 11: Hydraulic Oils
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Hydraulic Principle: Pascal's Law
11.3 Hydraulic Systems, Circuits and Components
11.4 Hydraulic Fluids
11.5 Hydraulic System Filters
11.6 Machine Tool Lubrication
11.7 Summary
References
Further Reading
Books
Standards
Chapter 12: Compressor Oils
12.1 Air Compressor Oils
12.2 Refrigeration Oils
References
Chapter 13: Turbine Oils
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Demands on Turbine Oils – Characteristics
13.3 Formulation of Turbine Oils
13.4 Physical and Chemical Data of Turbine Oils
13.5 Turbine Lubricants: Description According to DIN 51515, Parts
1 and 2 [11]
13.6 Turbine Lubricants: Specifications
13.7 Turbine Oil Circuits
13.8 Flushing Turbine Oil Circuits
13.9 Monitoring and Maintenance of Turbine Oils – General
13.10 Turbine Oils: Evaluation of Used Oil Values – Parameters and
Warning Values/Limits According to VGB Recommendation [13]
13.11 Turbine Oils: Evaluation of Used Oil Values – Causes and
Measures [13]
13.12 Lifetime of (Steam) Turbine Oils
13.13 Gas Turbine Oils: Application and Requirements
13.14 Fire-Resistant, Water-Free Fluids for Power Station
Applications
13.15 Lubricants for Water Turbines and Hydroelectric Plants
References
Volume 2
Chapter 14: Metalworking Fluids
14.1 Action Mechanism and Cutting Fluid Selection
14.2 Friction and Wear Assessment Method for the Use of Cutting
Fluids
14.3 Water-Miscible Cutting Fluids
14.4 Neat Cutting Fluids
14.5 Machining with Geometrically Defined Cutting Edges
14.6 Machining with Geometric Non-Defined Cutting Edges
14.7 Specific Material Requirements for Machining Operations
14.8 Metalworking Fluid Circulation System
14.9 Coolant Costs
14.10 New Trends in Coolant Technology
References
Chapter 15: Forming Lubricants
15.1 Sheet Metal Working Lubricants
15.2 Lubricants for Wire, Tube and Profile Drawing
15.3 Lubricants for Rolling
15.4 Solid Metal Forming Lubricants: Solid Forming, Forging and
Extrusion
References
Chapter 16: Lubricating Greases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Thickeners
16.3 Base Oils
16.4 Grease Structure
16.5 Additives
16.6 Manufacture of Greases
16.7 Grease Rheology
16.8 Grease Performance
16.9 Applications of Greases
16.10 Grease Market
16.11 Ecology and the Environment
16.12 Grease Tribology
References
Chapter 17: Solid Lubrication
17.1 Classification of Solid Lubricants
17.2 Characteristics
17.3 Products Containing Solid Lubricants
17.4 Industrial Uses of Products Containing Solid Lubricants
Further Reading [1–50]
Journals
Standards, Reprints
Books
Chapter 18: Laboratory Methods for Testing Lubricants
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Density
18.3 Viscosity
18.4 Refractive Index
18.5 Structural Analyses
18.6 Flash Point
18.7 Surface Phenomena
18.8 Cloud Point, Pour Point
18.9 Aniline Point
18.10 Water Content
18.11 Ash Content
18.12 Acidity, Alkalinity
18.13 Ageing Tests
18.14 Hydrolytic Stability
18.15 Corrosion Tests
18.16 Oil Compatibility of Seals and Insulating Materials
18.17 Evaporation Loss
18.18 Analysis and Testing of Lubricating Greases
18.19 Elemental Analyses by Spectroscopic Methods
18.20 List of Equivalent Standardized Methods for Testing
Lubricants
References
Chapter 19: Mechanical–Dynamic Test Methods and Tribology
19.1 Tribological System Categories within Mechanical–Dynamic
Tests
19.2 Simple Tribological Mechanical–Dynamic Test Machines and
Test Methods
19.3 Mechanical–Dynamic Tests for Gearbox and Transmission
Application
19.4 Mechanical–Dynamic Tests for Internal Combustion Engines
19.5 Hydraulic Pump and Circuit Design
19.6 Interpretation and Precision of Tribological Mechanical–
Dynamic Testing
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 20: Lubrication Systems
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Taxonomy of Centralized Lubrication Systems DIN 24271
Part 1 and DIN ISO 5170
20.3 Total-Loss Lubrication Systems
20.4 Circulating Lubrication Systems
20.5 Special Applications
Reference
Chapter 21: Removal of Lubricants: Industrial Cleaners
21.1 Introduction to Industrial Cleaning
21.2 Substrates (Workpieces)
21.3 Contamination: Soil
21.4 Mechanisms of Aqueous Cleaning
21.5 Detection and Control of Cleaning Result
21.6 Cleaning Methods and Equipment
21.7 Aqueous Cleaners
21.8 Solvent Cleaners
21.9 Maintenance of Cleaner Systems
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Table 3.1
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Table 6.1
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 7.3
Table 7.4
Table 7.5
Table 7.6
Table 7.7
Table 7.8
Table 7.9
Table 7.10
Table 7.11
Table 7.12
Table 7.13
Table 7.14
Table 8.1
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4
Table 9.5
Table 9.6
Table 9.7
Table 9.8