LSAT PrepTest 45

29 Pages·0.527 MB·English

by  LSAC

PT 45 December 04
A A A A A A A A A A
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Time—35minutes
26Questions
Directions: Thequestionsinthissectionarebasedonthereasoningcontainedinbriefstatementsorpassages.Forsome
questions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer;that
is,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion.Youshouldnotmakeassumptionsthatareby
commonsensestandardsimplausible,superfluous,orincompatiblewiththepassage.Afteryouhavechosenthebestanswer,
blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
1. Theobsessionofeconomistswithconsumptionasa 3. AreasonLarsoncannotdotheassignmentisthatshe
measureofeconomicwell-beinghaspreventedusfrom hasanunavoidableschedulingconflict.Ontheother
understandingthetruenatureofeconomicwell-being. hand,areasonFrankscannotdotheassignmentisthat
Wegetverylittlesatisfactionoutofthefactthatour hedoesnotquitehavetheassertivenessthetask
clothingwearsout,ourautomobilesdepreciate,andthe requires.So,thetaskmustbeassignedtoParker,the
gasolineinourtanksburnsupandmustbereplaced. onlysupervisorintheshippingdepartmentotherthan
Theauthorisarguingthat LarsonandFranks.
(A) economicwell-beingcannotbedefinedsolelyin Theargumentdependsonassumingwhichoneofthe
termsofconsumption following?
(B) satisfactionispossiblewithoutconsumption (A) Larsonhastheassertivenessthetaskrequires.
(C) validmeasuresofconsumptioncannotbe (B) Thetaskcannotbeassignedtoanyoneother
devised thanasupervisorintheshippingdepartment.
(D) modernproductsaredesignedforearly (C) FrankswouldbeassignedthetaskifFrankshad
obsolescence theassertivenessthetaskrequires.
(E) satisfactioncanprovideanadequatequantitative (D) Thetaskcannotbeassignedtoanyonewhohas
measureofeconomicwell-being anykindofschedulingconflict.
(E) Noonewhoisnotasupervisorintheshipping
2. Commentator:Manypeoplearguethatthereleaseof departmenthastheassertivenessthistask
chlorofluorocarbonsintotheatmosphereis requires.
harminghumansbydamagingtheozonelayer,
thusallowingincreasedamountsofultraviolet
radiationtoreachEarth.But300,000yearsagoa
supernovagreatlydamagedtheozonelayer,with
nosignificanteffectonourearliestancestors. GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
Becausethesupernova’sdisruptionwasmuch
greaterthantheestimatedeffectof
chlorofluorocarbonstoday,thereisnoreasonto
thinkthatthesechemicalsintheatmosphere
harmhumansinthisway.
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmost
seriouslyweakenthecommentator’sargument?
(A) Extraterrestrialinfluencesontheozonelayer
tendtooccurlessoftenthanterrestrialones.
(B) Naturalevents,suchastheeruptionof
volcanoes,continuetodamagetheozonelayer
today.
(C) Ourearliestancestorspossessedgenetic
characteristicsmakingthemmoreresistantthan
wearetotheharmfuleffectsofultraviolet
radiation.
(D) Theozonelayerregeneratesataslowrate,
barringcounteractiveprocesses.
(E) Scientistshavediscoveredthatgeneticchanges
occurredinourancestorsduringtheperiodin
whichthesupernovaaffectedEarth.
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4. Columnist:Analystsarguethatasbabyboomersreach 6. Maria:Popularmusicisbadartbecauseitgreatly
theageof50,theywillbeginseriouslyplanning exaggeratestheroleloveplaysineverydaylife
forretirement.Thiswillleadthemtoswitchfrom andtherebyfailstorepresentrealityaccurately.
beingprimarilyconsumerstobeingsavers.Thus, Theo:Popularmusicisnotsupposedtoreflectreality;
theseanalystsconclude,moremoneywillflow itperformsotherartisticfunctions,suchas
intothestockmarket,resultingincontinuedgains providingconsolingfantasiesandhelpingpeople
instockprices.Analystswouldstandtogainif createsomeromanceintheiroftendifficultlives.
thisweretrue,buttheyarebeingoverly Youshouldunderstandpopularmusicbeforeyou
optimistic.Asconsumptiondecreases,sowill condemnit.
corporateearnings;thereforehighstockprices
willnotbejustified,andthusboomers’money Thedialogueprovidesthemostsupportfortheclaim
willmorelikelyflowintoinvestmentsotherthan thatMariaandTheodisagreeoverwhether
stocks. (A) mostgoodartcreatesconsolingillusions
Thecolumnist’sargumentdoeswhichoneofthe (B) somebadartexaggeratestheroleloveplaysin
following? everydaylife
(C) artshouldalwaysrepresentrealityasitcould
(A) attemptstounderminetheanalysts’argumentby be,notasitis
questioningthetruthofitspremises (D) artneednotrepresentrealityaccuratelytobe
(B) attemptstounderminetheanalysts’argumentby goodart
suggestingthattheanalystspresentitfor (E) popularmusicshouldnotbeconsideredtobean
self-servingreasons artform
(C) attemptstounderminetheanalysts’argumentby
drawinganalternativeconclusionfromthe 7. Anartificialhormonehasrecentlybeendevelopedthat
analysts’premises increasesmilkproductionincows.Itsdevelopmenthas
(D) arguesthattheanalysts’conclusionisbasically promptedsomelawmakerstoproposethatmilklabels
right,butsuggeststhatitissomewhattoo shouldberequiredtoprovideinformationtoconsumers
optimistic aboutwhatartificialsubstanceswereusedinmilk
(E) arguesinfavoroftheanalysts’conclusion,but production.Thisproposalshouldnotbeimplemented:
doessoonthebasisofadifferentbodyof justimaginetryingtolisteverysyntheticfertilizerused
evidence togrowthegrassandgrainthecowsate,orevery
fungicideusedtokeepthegrainfromspoiling!
5. Itemremovedfromscoring.
Theargumentproceedsby
(A) proposinganalternativecourseofactionfor
achievingtheobjectivesoftheproposalbeing
arguedagainst
(B) raisingconsiderationsinordertoshowthatthe
proposalbeingarguedagainst,ifstrictly
implemented,wouldleadtoabsurd
consequences
(C) usingspecificexamplesinordertoshowthatan
alternativetotheproposalbeingarguedagainst
wouldbetterachievetheendstowhichthe
originalproposalwasdirected
(D) introducingacaseanalogoustotheoneunder
considerationtoshowthatageneral
implementationoftheproposalbeingargued
againstwouldbeimpossible
(E) questioningthemotivationofthosewhomade
theproposalbeingarguedagainst
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
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8. Trust,whichcannotbesustainedintheabsenceof 9. Theuseofphraseslike“asso-and-sosaid”or“asthe
mutualrespect,isessentialtoanylong-lasting sayinggoes”suggeststhatthequotethatfollowshas
relationship,personalorprofessional.However, justbeenillustrated.Suchphrasesareinappropriately
personalrelationships,suchasmarriageorfriendship, usedwhenanapparentcounterexamplehasjustbeen
additionallyrequirenaturalaffinity.Ifapersonal given.
relationshipistoendure,itmustbesupportedbythe
Whichoneofthefollowingcontainsaninappropriate
twinpillarsofmutualrespectandaffinity.
usageofaphrase,accordingtotheprinciplestated
Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,thenwhichoneofthe above?
followingmustalsobetrue?
(A) Fatimawasamathematicianwhooftenthought
(A) Afriendshipsupportedsolelybytrustand aboutunsolvedproblemsofmathematics,
mutualrespectwillnotbelong-lasting. althoughitwasunpleasanttoberemindedthat
(B) Inthecontextofanyprofessionalrelationship, mostwouldprobablyremainunsolvedinher
mutualrespectpresupposestrust. lifetime.Asthesayinggoes,“Strangehow
(C) Ifapersonalrelationshipissupportedbymutual muchyou’vegottoknowbeforeyouknow
respectandaffinity,itwilllastalongtime. howlittleyouknow.”
(D) Personalrelationships,suchasmarriageor (B) Harold’sfriendsweresurprisedwhenhe
friendship,arelonger-lastingthanprofessional revealedthathehadlefthiswalletathomeand
relationships. askedthatsomeonelendhimmoney.Buthe
(E) Basingamarriageonanaturalaffinitywill haddonethesamethingmanytimesbefore.
ensurethatitwillendure. AsHalliardsaid,“Theforceofselfishnessisas
inevitableandascalculableastheforceof
gravitation.”
(C) Thebestmodelofvacuumcleanerwasthemost
expensiveonthemarket,butitwouldhave
madeRogerunhappytopurchaseit.For
althoughheneverwantedanythingbutthe
best,hewasalsoquitefrugal,andwouldnever
haveforgivenhimselfforspendingthemoney.
Asthesayinggoes,“Apennysavedisapenny
earned.”
(D) Sharonlovedcats,butherhusbandwasallergic
tothem.Still,hewasoccasionallywillingto
accompanyhertocatshows.Asthesaying
goes,“Sharedlivesmeansharedloves.”
(E) Raoulspentayearplanningandpreparingfora
fantasticskitrip.Heenjoyedhisskitrip
greatlyuntilhebrokehislegandhadtospend
twoweeksinthehospital.Asthesayinggoes,
“All’swellthatendswell.”
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
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10. Rachel:Thoughcontemporaryartistsarepleasedtobe 12. Biologistshavenotedreproductiveabnormalitiesinfish
freeoftheconstraintsthatboundtheir thatareimmediatelydownstreamofpapermills.One
predecessors,thisfreedomhascausedadecline possiblecauseisdioxin,whichpapermillsrelease
inthequalityofart.Greatartcanbeproduced dailyandwhichcanaltertheconcentrationof
onlywhenartistsstruggletoexpressthemselves hormonesinfish.However,dioxinisunlikelytobethe
withinexternallyimposedboundaries. cause,sincethefishrecovernormalhormone
James:Peoplehavealwaysbeencriticaloftheartof concentrationsrelativelyquicklyduringoccasionalmill
theirowntime.Theyforgetallbutthegreatest shutdownsanddioxindecomposesveryslowlyinthe
artfrompasteras.Sinceinferiorcontemporary environment.
artworkshavenotyetbeenforgotten,people Whichoneofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,most
todaymistakenlythinkthatcontemporaryartis seriouslyweakenstheargument?
generallyinferiortoearlierart.
(A) Someofthestudiesthatshowthatfishrecover
Onthebasisoftheirstatements,RachelandJamesare quicklyduringshutdownswerefundedby
committedtodisagreeingwitheachotherabout papermanufacturers.
whether (B) Therateatwhichdioxindecomposesvaries
(A) contemporaryartisoflowerqualitythanearlier dependingontheconditionstowhichitis
art exposed.
(B) contemporaryartistsareboundbythesame (C) Normalrivercurrentscarrythedioxinpresentin
constraintsastheirpredecessors theriverfardownstreaminafewhours.
(C) greatartisproducedonlywhenanartist (D) Someofthefishdidnotrecoverrapidlyfrom
strugglesagainstlimitations thephysiologicalchangesthatwereinducedby
(D) inferiorartfrompasterasisgenerallyforgotten thechangesinhormoneconcentrations.
(E) onecancorrectlyassessthequalityofartonly (E) Theconnectionbetweenhormoneconcentrations
ifitwasproducedinpasteras andreproductiveabnormalitiesisnot
thoroughlyunderstood.
11. Theaveragecostofgrocerieswillriseagainnext
month.Consequently,butterandeggscanbeexpected 13. Iftheplayweresuccessful,itwouldbeadaptedasa
tocostmorenextmonth. movieorrevivedattheDecadeFestival.Butitisnot
successful.Wemust,regrettably,concludethatitwill
Theflawedreasoningintheargumentabovemost neitherbecomeamovienorberevivedattheDecade
closelyparallelsthereasoninginwhichoneofthe Festival.
following?
Theargument’sreasoningisflawedbecausethe
(A) Thepriceofgasolinehasbeenrisingeach argument
monthforthepastyear.Therefore,wecan
expecttopaymoreforgasolinenextmonth. (A) failstodrawtheconclusionthattheplaywill
(B) Eitherthegovernmentwillreducetaxesorthe notbothbeadaptedasamovieandberevived
economywillfallintoarecession.The attheDecadeFestival,ratherthanthatitwill
governmentisunlikelytoreducetaxes. doneither
Therefore,theeconomywillfallintoa (B) failstoexplaininexactlywhatwaytheplayis
recession. unsuccessful
(C) Theaverageamountoftimespentbypeople (C) equatestheplay’saestheticworthwithits
youngerthan20inwatchingtelevisionhas commercialsuccess
recentlyrisenrapidly.Therefore,theamountof (D) presumes,withoutprovidingjustification,that
timefourthgradersspendwatchingtelevision therearenofurtheravenuesfortheplayother
musthaverisenrecently. thanadaptationasamovieorrevivalatthe
(D) Sincesugarisamajoringredientinicecream, DecadeFestival
thepriceoficecreamincreaseswheneverthe (E) failstorecognizethattheplay’snotsatisfying
priceofsugarincreases.Thepriceofsugaris onesufficientconditiondoesnotprecludeits
expectedtoincreasenextmonth.Therefore,the satisfyingadifferentsufficientconditionfor
priceoficecreamcanbeexpectedtoincrease adaptationasamovieorrevivalattheDecade
nextmonth. Festival
(E) Realestatepricesgodownwhenthepopulation
ofthosefrom20to30yearsolddeclines,and
thenumberinthatagegroupwilldecrease
overthenextdecade.Therefore,realestate
priceswillgodownoverthatperiod. GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
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14. Physician:Inordertoinvestigatediseasescausedby 16. Literarycritic:Oftentheheirsofasuccessfulwriter
hormonalimbalances,acertainresearcherwants decidetopublishthemanuscriptsandtheletters
tostudy,amongothers,200childrenwhose thedeadwriterleftbehind,regardlessofthe
pituitaryglandsfailtoproducetypicalamounts meritofthework.However,manywritershave
ofHumanGrowthHormone(HGH).Thestudy manuscriptsthattheyjudgetobeunworthyof
wouldinvolveadministeringasyntheticversion publicationandwithwhichtheywouldnotlike
ofHGHtothechildrenoveratwo-yearperiod. tobepubliclyassociatedevenaftertheydie.
Butmedicalresearchshouldbepermittedonlyif Henceasuccessfulwriterwhodecidesnotto
itislikelytorevealimportantinformationabout publisharecentlycompletedmanuscriptshould
amedicalconditionandisknowntoposeonlya destroyitimmediately.
minimalrisktothesubjects.Theresearcher’s
Whichoneofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,most
proposedstudyshouldbeprohibited.
callsintoquestionthesoundnessoftheliterarycritic’s
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmosthelpto advice?
justifythephysician’sargumentation?
(A) Somewriterswhoseworkbecomesbothpopular
(A) TheresourcesexpendedontheHGHstudy andrespectedaftertheydiereceivednoliterary
couldbespentinsteadonresearchlikelyto recognitionduringtheirlifetimes.
leadtotreatmentsformedicalconditionsmore (B) Writerswhoachieveacertaindegreeoffame
seriousthandiseasesstemmingfromhormonal canexpectthatsomeoftheirpersonal
imbalances. correspondencewillbecomepubliclyavailable
(B) About10,000childrenhavealreadybeengiven aftertheydie.
syntheticHGHwithoutobvioussideeffects. (C) Mostsuccessfulwriters’judgmentsoftheir
(C) Obtaininginformedconsentfromchildrenis recentlycompletedworkisunnecessarilyharsh
impossible,becausetheyarenotyetmature andisoftenlaterrevised.
enoughtounderstandcomplexmedicalissues. (D) Manyposthumouslypublishedbookswould
(D) Althoughhormonalimbalancescancause havebeenpublishedbytheauthorhadthe
disease,theimbalancesthemselvesdonot authorlived.
constituteamedicalcondition. (E) Someheirsofsuccessfulwritersdonotconsider
(E) Thelong-termeffectsofsyntheticHGHhave themselvesqualifiedtojudgethemeritsofa
neverbeentestedandareunknown. literarywork.
15. AttherequestofGroveParkresidents,speedbumps 17. Inpracticethegovernmentwillhavethelastwordon
wereinstalledonallstreetsintheirneighborhood. whatanindividual’srightsare,becauseitspolicewill
However,althoughthroughtrafficdoescausenoiseand dowhatitsofficialsandcourtssay.Butthatdoesnot
congestioninGrovePark,thisremedyisblatantly meanthatthegovernment’sviewisnecessarilythe
unfair.Theneighborhoodisnotaprivatecommunity, correctview;anyonewhothinksitismustbelievethat
anditsstreetswerebuiltwithpublicfunds,andthusall personshaveonlysuchmoralrightsasthegovernment
drivershavetherighttousethemwheneverthey choosestogrant,whichmeansthattheyhavenomoral
please. rightsatall.
Thereasoningintheargumentismostvulnerableto Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpresses
criticismonthegroundsthatit theconclusionoftheargument?
(A) ignoresthepossibilitythatspeedbumpsmay (A) Individualshavenorightsatallunlessthe
notreducethespeedsatwhichdriversdrive governmentsaysthattheydo.
throughtheneighborhood (B) Whatgovernmentofficialsandcourtssayan
(B) neglectsthepossibilitythatdriversfrequently individual’srightsaremaynotbecorrect.
drivethroughtheneighborhoodathighspeeds (C) Individualshaverightsunlessthegovernment
(C) providesnoevidencethatdrivershave saysthattheydonot.
complainedaboutthenewspeedbumpsinthe (D) Thepolicealwaysagreewithgovernment
neighborhood officialsandthecourtsaboutwhatan
(D) containsthetacitassumptionthatresidentsof individual’srightsare.
neighborhoodsshouldhavetherighttorestrict (E) Oneshouldalwaystrytoupholdone’s
trafficthroughtheircommunities individualrightsagainstthegovernment’sview
(E) presumes,withoutprovidingjustification,that ofwhatthoserightsare.
speedbumpsdopreventdriversfromusingthe
roadsonwhichthebumpsarefound
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
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18. Thereisevidencetosuggestthatourcave-dwelling 20. Reviewer:Manyhistoriansclaim,intheirown
ancestorspolishedmanyoftheirflintstoadegreefar treatmentofsubjectmatter,tobeaslittleaffected
surpassingwhatwasnecessaryforhuntingpurposes.It asanynaturalscientistbymoraloraesthetic
seems,therefore,thatearlyhumanspossessedan preconceptions.Butweclearlycannotaccept
aestheticsense. theseproclamationsofobjectivity,foritiseasy
Whichoneofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,most tofindinstancesoffalsehistoricalexplanations
seriouslyweakenstheargument? embodyingtheideologicalandotherprejudices
oftheirauthors.
(A) Mostflintsusedbyourcave-dwellingancestors
werenothighlypolished. Thereviewer’sreasoningismostvulnerableto
(B) Thecavesinwhichthehighlypolishedflints criticismonthegroundsthatit
werefoundareunadornedbycavepaintings. (A) takesforgrantedthatthemodelofobjectivity
(C) Thereisevidencethatthesehighlypolished offeredbythenaturalsciencesshouldapplyin
flintswereusedfordisplayinreligious otherfields
ceremonies. (B) offersevidencethatunderminesratherthan
(D) Flintswereoftenusedbyearlyhumansfor supportstheconclusionitreaches
everydaychoresotherthanhunting. (C) failstorecognizethatmanyhistoriansemploy
(E) Anybenefitsthatanaestheticsensewouldhave methodologiesthatareintendedtouncoverand
giventocave-dwellinghumansarepoorly compensateforprejudices
understood. (D) takesforgrantedthatsomehistoricalworkthat
embodiesprejudicesiswrittenbyhistorians
19. Columnist:MuchofNorthAmericaandwestern whopurporttobeobjective
Europeismoreheavilyforestedandhaslessacid (E) failstorecognizethatnotallhistorical
rainandbetterairqualitynowthanfivedecades explanationsembodyingideologiesarefalse
ago.Thoughthismaybeduelargelytopolicies
advocatedbyenvironmentalists,itnonetheless 21. Althoughthegeologicalrecordcontainssomehintsof
lendscredibilitytotheclaimsofpeoplewho majormeteorimpactsprecedingmassextinctions,there
rejectpredictionsofimminentecologicaldoom weremanyextinctionsthatdidnotfollowanyknown
andarguethatenvironmentalpoliciesthat majormeteorimpacts.Likewise,therearemany
excessivelyrestricttheuseofnaturalresources recordsofmajormeteorimpactsthatdonotseemto
maydiminishthewealthnecessarytoadoptand havebeenfollowedbymassextinctions.Thusthe
sustainthepoliciesthatbroughtaboutthese geologicalrecordsuggeststhatthereisnoconsistent
improvements. causallinkbetweenmajormeteorimpactsandmass
Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthens extinctions.
thecolumnist’sreasoning? Whichoneofthefollowingassumptionsenablesthe
(A) Nationssustaintheirwealthlargelythrough argument’sconclusiontobeproperlyinferred?
industrialuseofthenaturalresourcesfound (A) Iftherewereaconsistentcausallinkbetween
withintheirboundaries. majormeteorimpactsandmassextinctions,
(B) Themoreadvancedthetechnologyusedina thenallmajormeteorimpactswouldbe
nation’sindustries,thegreateristhatnation’s followedbymassextinctions.
abilitytodevoteaportionofitsresourcesto (B) Majormeteorimpactsandmassextinctions
socialprograms. cannotbeconsistentlycausallylinkedunless
(C) Amajorityofecologicaldisastersarisefrom manymassextinctionshavefollowedmajor
causesthatarebeyondhumancontrol. meteorimpacts.
(D) Ifacompromisebetweentheproponentsof (C) Ofthemassextinctionsthatdidnotfollowany
economicgrowthandtheenvironmentalistshad knownmajormeteorimpacts,fewifany
beenenactedratherthanthecurrentpolicies, followedmajormeteorimpactsofwhichthe
theenvironmentwouldhaveseensignificantly geologicalrecordcontainsnohints.
lessimprovement. (D) Ifthereisnoconsistentcausallinkbetween
(E) Theconcerndemonstratedbyanationforthe majormeteorimpactsandmassextinctions,
healthandintegrityofitsnaturalecosystems thennotallmassextinctionscouldhave
leadstoanincreaseinthatnation’swealth. followedmajormeteorimpacts.
(E) Therecouldbeaconsistentcausallinkbetween
majormeteorimpactsandmassextinctions
evenifnoteverymajormeteorimpacthas
beenfollowedbyamassextinction.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
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22. Whenuncontrollablefactorssuchaslackofraincause 24. Incriminalproceedings,defenseattorneysoccasionally
farmers’wheatcropstofail,fertilizerandseeddealers, attempttoestablishthatasuspectwasnotpresentat
aswellastruckersandmechanics,losebusiness,and thecommissionofacrimebycomparingthesuspect’s
fuelsuppliersareunabletosellenoughdieselfuelto DNAtotheDNAofbloodorhairsamplestakenfrom
makeaprofit. thesceneofthecrime.Althougheveryperson’sDNA
Whichoneofthefollowingclaimsfollowslogically isunique,DNAtestsoftenfailtodistinguishamong
fromtheinformationabove? DNAsamplestakenfromdistinctindividuals.Hence,it
isamistaketoexonerateasuspectsimplybecausethat
(A) Ifseveralofthebusinessesthatselltofarmers person’sDNAdidnotmatchtheDNAsamplestaken
donotprosper,itisbecausefarmingitselfis fromthesceneofthecrime.
notprospering.
(B) Ifrainfallisbelowaverage,thosebusinesses Whichoneofthefollowingisanerrorinthereasoning
thatprofitfromfarmers’purchasestendtolose above?
money. (A) Itassumeswithoutwarrantthattheuseof
(C) Farmersarenotresponsibleforthe physicalevidenceinidentifyingsuspectsis
consequencesofawheatcrop’sfailingifwheat nevermistaken.
growthhasbeenaffectedbylackofrain. (B) ItconfusesatestthatincorrectlyidentifiesDNA
(D) Acountry’sdependenceonagriculturecanlead samplesascomingfromthesamepersonwith
tomajoreconomiccrises. atestthatincorrectlyshowsascomingfrom
(E) Theconsequencesofadroughtarenotrestricted differentpersonssamplesthatcomefroma
tothedrought’simpactonfarmproductivity. singleperson.
(C) Itgeneralizesaboutthereliabilityofallmethods
23. Foreachactionweperform,wecanknowonlysome usedtoidentifythoseinvolvedinthe
ofitsconsequences.Thustheviewthatinnosituation commissionofacrimeonthebasisofresults
canweknowwhatactionismorallyrightwouldbe thatpertaintoonlyafewsuchmethods.
trueifanaction’sbeingmorallyrightwerethesameas (D) Itreliesonexperimentaldataderivedfrom
theaction’shavingthebestconsequences. DNAtestingthathavenotbeenshowntohold
Theconclusionfollowslogicallyifwhichoneofthe undernonexperimentalconditions.
followingisassumed? (E) Itfailstodemonstratethatphysicalevidence
takenfromthesceneofacrimeistheonlysort
(A) Onsomeoccasionswecancometolearnthatit ofevidencethatshouldbeadmittedincriminal
ismorallywrongtoperformacertainaction. courtproceedings.
(B) Onsomeoccasionswecanknowwhatactionis
morallyright.
(C) Knowingthatanactionhasthebest
consequencesrequiresknowingallthe
consequencesofthataction.
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
(D) Onlytheimmediateconsequencesofouractions
arerelevantindeterminingwhethertheyare
morallyright.
(E) Anactionmaybemorallyrightforone
particularpersonwithoutbeingmorallyright
forallpeople.
A A A A A A A A A A
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25. Somevisitorstotheparkengageinpracticesthat 26. Rapidpopulationgrowthcanbedisastrousforasmall
seriouslyharmtheanimals.Surely,noonewhoknew city.Ideallythereshouldbeatleastonemunicipal
thatthesepracticesseriouslyharmtheanimalswould employeeforeveryhundredresidents;whentoomany
engageinthem.Soitmustbeconcludedthatsomeof peoplemoveinatonce,cityservicesresponsiblefor
thevisitorsdonotknowthatthesepracticesseriously utilitiesandpermitsarequicklyoverloaded.Mostcity
harmtheanimals. budgetsdonotallowfortheimmediatehiringofnew
Thepatternofreasoningexhibitedbywhichoneofthe staff.
followingargumentsismostsimilartothatexhibited Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthens
bytheargumentabove? theargument?
(A) Someofthepeoplewhoworkedonthefailed (A) Duringbudgetshortages,smallcitiestendto
projectwillbefired.Everyoneinthis placeahighpriorityonbasicmunicipal
departmentplayedanimportantpartinthat serviceswhilecuttingbackonlessessential
project.Thereforesomepeopleinthis services.
departmentwillbefired. (B) Newresidentsofanycitybringwiththemnew
(B) Someofthepeoplewhosignedthepetition ideasabouthowacityshouldberun.
wereamongthemayor’ssupporters.Yetthe (C) Somelargecitiescanabsorbrapidpopulation
mayordenouncedeveryonewhosignedthe growthmorereadilythanmanysmallcities
petition.Hencethemayordenouncedsomeof can.
herownsupporters. (D) Alowunemploymentrateisoneofthemain
(C) Someofthepeoplepolledliveoutsidethecity reasonsthatnewresidentsmovetoacity.
limits.However,noonewhocanvoteincity (E) Newresidentsofmostsmallcitiesdonotstart
electionslivesoutsidethecity.Thereforesome payingcitytaxesforatleastayear.
ofthepeoplepolledcannotvoteinthe
upcomingcityelection.
(D) Allofthefiveoriginalplannersareresponsible
forthisproblem.Yetnoneoftheoriginal
plannerswilladmitresponsibilityforthe
problem.Thussomeofthepeopleresponsible
fortheproblemwillnotadmitresponsibility.
(E) SomemembersoftheLiberalPartyareinfavor
oftheproposedordinance.Butallmembersof
thecitycouncilareopposedtotheproposed
ordinance.Hencesomemembersofthecity
councilarenotLiberals.
S T O P
IFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.
DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.
B B B B B B B B B B
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Time—35minutes
27Questions
Directions: Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedor
impliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.
However,youaretochoosethebestanswer;thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,and
blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
Anumberofnaturaldisastersinrecentyears— However,communitiesaffectedbydisasterstypically
suchasearthquakes,majorstorms,andfloods—that haveseverallong-termneedssuchastherebuilding
haveaffectedlargepopulationsofpeoplehaveforced ofhousesandroads,andthusthemonthsandyears
reliefagencies,communities,andentirenationsto afteradisasterarealsocrucial.Donorsthat
(5) reevaluatethewaysinwhichtheyrespondinthe (55) incorporatedialoguewithmembersofaffected
aftermathsofsuchdisasters.Theybelievethat communitiesintotheirreliefplanscouldfoster
traditionalwaysofdealingwithdisastershaveproved strategiesthatmoreefficientlyutilizeimmediateaid
ineffectiveonseveraloccasionsand,insomecases, aswellasprovideforthedifficultiesfacing
havebeendestructiveratherthanhelpfultothe communitiesintheyearsafteradisaster.
(10) communitieshitbythesesuddenandunexpected
crises.Traditionally,reliefhasbeenbasedonthe 1. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpresses
premisethataidinpostdisastersituationsismost themainpointofthepassage?
effectiveifgivenintheimmediateaftermathofan
(A) Themostusefulresponsetoanaturaldisasteris
event.Ahighpriorityalsohasbeenplacedonthe
oneinwhichreliefagenciesallowvictimsto
(15) quantityofaidmaterials,programs,andpersonnel,in
dictatethetypeofaidtheyreceive,whichwill
thebeliefthatthenegativeimpactofadisastercan
mostlikelyresultintheallocationoflong-term
becounteractedbyalargeandrapidinfusionofaid.
ratherthanimmediateaid.
Criticsclaimthatsuchanapproachoftencreates
(B) Thequantityofaidgivenafteranaturaldisaster
anewsetofdifficultiesforalreadyhard-hit
reflectsthedesiresofdonorsmorethanthe
(20) communities.Teamsofuninvitedexpertsand
needsofrecipients,andinsomecasesgreat
personnel—allofwhomneedfoodandshelter—as
quantitiesofaidaredestructiveratherthan
wellasuncoordinatedshipmentsofgoodsandthe
helpful.
establishmentofprogramsinappropriatetolocal
(C) Aidthatfocusesonlong-termneedsisdifficult
needscanquicklyleadtoasecondary“disaster”as
toorganizebecause,byitsverydefinition,it
(25) alreadystrainedlocalinfrastructuresbreakdown
requiresthatreliefagenciesfocuson
underthepressureofthislargeinfluxofresources.In
constructinganadequatedialogueamong
someinstances,tonsoffoodhavedisappearedinto
recipients,providers,anddonors.
localmarketsforresale,and,withinadequate
(D) Disasterreliefeffortshavebeenmarkedby
accountingprocedures,billionsofdollarsinaid
inefficienciesthatattesttotheneedfordonors
(30) moneyhavegoneunaccountedfor.
andreliefagenciestocommunicatewith
Todevelopamoreeffectiveapproach,experts
affectedcommunitiesconcerninghowbestto
recommendshiftingthefocustothelongterm.A
meetnotonlytheirshort-termbutalsotheir
responsethatproduceslastingbenefit,theseexperts
long-termneeds.
claim,requiresthatcommunitymembersdefinethe
(E) Thoughtheyearsafteradisasterarecrucialfor
(35) formandmethodofaidthataremostappropriateto
communitiesaffectedbydisasters,thedaysand
theirneeds.Grassrootsdialoguedesignedtofacilitate
weeksimmediatelyafteradisasterarewhat
preparednessshouldbeencouragedindisaster-prone
capturetheattentionofdonors,thusforcing
communitieslongbeforetheonsetofacrisis,sothat
reliefagenciesintotheroleofmediators
inadisaster’simmediateaftermath,reliefagencies
betweenthetwoextremes.
(40) canrelyonmembersofaffectedcommunitiestotake
thelead.Thepracticaleffectofthisapproachisthat
aidtakestheformofaresponsetothestateddesires
ofthoseaffectedratherthananimmediate,though
lessinformed,actionontheirbehalf.
(45) Thoughthisproposalappearssound,itssuccess GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
dependsonhowanimportantconstituency,
namelydonors,willrespond.Historically,
donors—individuals,corporations,foundations,and
governmentalbodies—havebeenmostlikelyto
(50) respondonlyintheimmediateaftermathofacrisis.