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PT 43 June 04 B -4- Time—35minutes 25Questions Directions: Thequestionsinthissectionarebasedonthereasoningcontainedinbriefstatementsorpassages.Forsome questions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer;that is,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion.Youshouldnotmakeassumptionsthatareby commonsensestandardsimplausible,superfluous,orincompatiblewiththepassage.Afteryouhavechosenthebestanswer, blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet. 1. Pettengill:Bebopjazzmusiciansshowedtheirdistaste 3. Cognitivepsychologist:Inarecentsurvey,citizensof forjazzclassicsbytakinggreatlibertieswith CountryFwereaskedtostatewhichoneofthe them,asthoughthesongscouldbemade followingtwoscenariostheywouldprefer:(1)Country interestingonlythroughradicalreshaping. Fistheworldeconomicleader,withagrossnational Romney:Onlycompelling,versatilesongscanstand product(GNP)of$100billion,andCountryGis suchradicalreshaping.Bebopmusicians second,withaGNPof$90billion;or(2)CountryGis recognizedthis,andtheirrevolutionaryapproach theeconomicleader,withaGNPof$120billion,and tothejazzclassicsenabledthemtodiscover CountryFissecond,withaGNPof$110billion. previouslyunknowndepthsinthemusic. Despitethefactthat,underscenario2,CountryF wouldhaveahigherGNPthanunderscenario1,the PettengillandRomneydisagreeoverwhether majorityofrespondentsstatedthattheypreferred (A) bebopjazzwasradicallydifferentfromthejazz scenario1. musicthatprecededit Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmosthelpto (B) bebopjazzwasanimprovementonthejazz explainthesurveyresultsdescribedbythecognitive classicsthatprecededit psychologist? (C) bebopmusiciansshowedappreciationforjazz classicsinradicallyreshapingthem (A) MostcitizensofCountryFbelievetheircountry (D) jazzmusicrequiresmusicianstoadhereclosely hasahighereconomicgrowthratethan totheoriginalversioninordertobewidely CountryG. popular (B) MostcitizensofCountryFwanttheircountryto (E) bebopmusicianswereinfluencedbythemore haveaGNPhigherthan$120billion. conservativestylesoftheirpredecessors (C) MostcitizensofCountryFbelievethattheir personalwelfareisunconnectedtoGNP. 2. Essayist:Earthisalivingorganism,composedofother (D) MostcitizensofCountryFbelieveGNPisa organismsmuchasanimalsarecomposedof poormeasureofanation’seconomichealth. cells,notmerelyathinguponwhichcreatures (E) MostcitizensofCountryFwanttheircountry live.Thishypothesisissupportedbythefactthat, tobemoreeconomicallypowerfulthan likeallorganisms,Earthcanbesaidtohavea CountryG. metabolismandtoregulateitstemperature, humidity,andothercharacteristics,divorcedfrom theinfluencesofitssurroundings.Ofcourse, Earthdoesnotliterallybreathe,butneitherdo insects(theyhavenolungs),thoughtheyrespire GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE. successfully. Theassertionthatinsectsdonotliterallybreatheplays whichoneofthefollowingrolesintheessayist’s argument? (A) areasonfornotrejectingEarth’sstatusasan organismonthebasisofitsnotbreathing (B) areasonforrejectingasfalsethebeliefthat Earthisalivingorganism (C) anillustrationofthegeneralclaimthattobean organism,acreaturemusthaveametabolism (D) anexampleofatypeoforganismwhosestatus, likeEarth’s,isunclear (E) anillustrationofatypeoforganismoutof whichEarthiscomposed B -5- 4. AstudyclaimsthattheaveragetemperatureonEarth 6. Therapistswhotreatviolentcriminalscannotboth haspermanentlyincreased,becausetheaverage respecttheirclients’righttoconfidentialityandbe temperatureeachyearforthelastfiveyearshasbeen sincerelyconcernedforthewelfareofvictimsoffuture higherthananypreviousyearlyaverageonrecord. violentcrimes.Reportingaclient’sunreportedcrimes However,periodsofuptotenyearsofaverage violatestheclient’strust,butremainingsilentleaves temperaturesthathaveconsistentlybeenrecordhighs thedangerousclientoutofprison,freetocommitmore areoftenmerelypartoftherandomfluctuationsin crimes. temperaturethatarealwaysoccurring. Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakensthe Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupported argument? bytheinformationabove? (A) Mosttherapistswhotreatviolentcriminalsare (A) Alllargeincreasesinaveragetemperatureon assignedthistaskbyajudicialbody. recordhaveoccurredinten-yearperiods. (B) Criminalsarenomorelikelytoreceivetherapy (B) Fivesuccessiveyearsofincreasingannual inprisonthantheyareoutofprison. averagetemperaturedoesnotalwayssignifya (C) Victimsoffutureviolentcrimesalsohavea permanentincreaseintemperature. righttoconfidentialityshouldtheyneed (C) Recordhightemperaturescanbeexpectedon therapy. Earthforanotherfiveyears. (D) Therightofvictimsofviolentcrimesto (D) RandomfluctuationsinEarth’saverage compensationisasimportantastherightof temperaturetypicallylastlessthantenyears. criminalsintherapytoconfidentiality. (E) TheaveragetemperatureonEarthnever (E) Atherapistwhohasgainedaviolentcriminal’s increasesexceptincasesofrandom trustcanpersuadethatcriminalnottocommit temperaturefluctuation. repeatoffenses. 5. ShippingCoordinator:Ifwesendyourshipmentbyair express,itwillarrivetomorrowmorning.Ifwe sendyourshipmentviagroundcarrier,itwill arriveeithertomorroworthenextday.Ground GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE. carrierislessexpensivethanairexpress,so whichdoyouprefer? Customer:IfIdon’tchooseairexpress,thenIwillnot receivemyshipmenttomorrow,soIclearlyhave nochoicebuttospendtheextramoneyandhave itsentviaairexpress. Thecustomer’sresponsecanbestbeexplainedonthe assumptionthatshehasmisinterpretedtheshipping coordinatortomeanwhichoneofthefollowing? (A) Groundcarrierisasreliableashippingmethod asairexpress. (B) Iftheshipmentissentbyairexpress,itwill arrivetomorrow. (C) Groundcarrierisnotmoreexpensivethanair express. (D) Unlesstheshipmentissentbyairexpress,it willnotarrivetomorrow. (E) Thegreatertheshippingcost,thefasterthe shipmentwillarrive. B -6- 7. Failuretorotatecropsdepletesthesoil’snutrients 9. Activist:Aselectronicmonitoringofemployeesgrows graduallyunlessotherpreventivemeasuresaretaken.If morecommonplaceandinvasive,wehearmore thesoil’snutrientsarecompletelydepleted,additional andmoreattemptedjustificationsofthispractice cropscannotbegrownunlessfertilizerisappliedtothe byemployers.Surveillance,theyexplain,keeps soil.Allotherthingsbeingequal,ifvegetablesare employeeshonest,efficient,andpoliteto growninsoilthathashadfertilizerappliedratherthan customers.Suchexplanationsareobviouslyself- beinggrowninnon-fertilizedsoil,theyaremore serving,andsoshouldnotbetakentojustify vulnerabletopestsand,asaconsequence,mustbe theseunwarrantedinvasionsofprivacy. treatedwithlargeramountsofpesticides.Themore Aquestionabletechniqueusedintheactivist’s pesticidesusedonvegetables,thegreaterthehealth argumentisto riskstohumansfromeatingthosevegetables. (A) attackanargumentdifferentfromthatactually Supposethereweresomevegetablesthatweregrown offeredbytheemployers insoiltowhichfertilizerhadneverbeenapplied.On (B) presumethatemployeesareneverdishonest, thebasisofthepassage,whichoneofthefollowing inefficient,orrude wouldhavetobetrueregardingthosevegetables? (C) insistthatmodernbusinesspracticesmeetmoral (A) Thesoilinwhichthevegetablesweregrown standardsfarhigherthanthoseacceptedinthe mayhavebeencompletelydepletedof past nutrientsbecauseofanearlierfailuretorotate (D) attackemployers’motivesinsteadofaddressing crops. theirarguments (B) Itisnotpossiblethatthevegetablesweregrown (E) makeageneralizationbasedonasamplethat insoilinwhichcropshadbeenrotated. thereisreasontobelieveisbiased (C) Thevegetablesweregrowninsoilthathadnot beencompletelydepletedofnutrientsbutnot 10. Whenstudentsreceivenegativecriticismgeneratedby necessarilysoilinwhichcropshadbeen computerprograms,theyarelesslikelytorespond rotated. positivelythanwhenthecriticisahuman.Sincethe (D) Whateverthehealthriskstohumansfromeating acceptanceofcriticismrequiresthatonerespond thevegetables,theseriskswouldnotbe positivelytoit,studentsaremorelikelytolearnfrom attributabletotheuseofpesticidesonthem. criticismbyhumansthanfromcriticismbycomputers. (E) Thehealthriskstohumansfromeatingthe Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhich vegetableswerenolessthanthehealthrisksto theargumentdepends? humansfromeatingthesamekindsof vegetablestreatedwithpesticides. (A) Studentsaremorelikelytolearnfromcriticism thattheyacceptthanfromcriticismtheydonot 8. Criminologist:Increasingthecurrentprisontermfor accept. robberywillresultinnosignificanteffectin (B) Unlikehumancritics,computersareincapable discouragingpeoplefromcommittingrobbery. ofshowingcompassion. (C) Studentsalwaysknowwhethertheircriticsare Eachofthefollowing,iftrue,supportsthe computersorhumans. criminologist’sclaimEXCEPT: (D) Criticismgeneratedbycomputersislikelytobe (A) Manypeoplewhorobaremotivatedprimarily lessfavorablethanthatproducedbyhuman bythrill-seekingandrisk-taking. criticsinresponsetothesamework. (B) Anincreaseintheprisontermfor (E) Criticismgeneratedbycomputersislikelytobe embezzlementdidnotchangetherateatwhich nomoreorlessfavorablethanthatproduced thatcrimewascommitted. byhumancriticsinresponsetothesamework. (C) Prisontermsforrobberyhavegenerally decreasedinlengthrecently. (D) Mostpeoplecommittingrobberybelievethat theywillnotgetcaught. (E) Mostpeoplecommittingrobberyhavenoidea GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE. whattheaveragesentenceforrobberyis. B -7- 11. Afterexaminingtheoptions,thebudgetcommittee 13. Davis:Theonlyrelevantfactorindetermining discoveredthatQI’soffice-phonesystemwouldbe appropriatecompensationforpropertydamageor inexpensiveenoughtobewithinthecostlimitthathad theftisthevaluethepropertylosesdueto beensetforthecommittee.However,Corelink’s damageorthevalueofthepropertystolen;the systemmustalsobeinexpensiveenoughtobewithin harmtothevictimisdirectlyproportionaltothe thelimit,sinceitisevenlessexpensivethanQI’s pertinentvalue. system. Higuchi:Idisagree.Morethanonefactormustbe Thereasoningintheargumentaboveismostclosely considered:Avictimwhorecoverstheuseof paralleledbythatinwhichoneofthefollowing? personalpropertyaftertwoyearsisowedmore thanavictimwhorecoversitsuseafteronlyone (A) Marissaisjusttallenoughthatshecantouch year. theceilingwhenshejumpsashighasshecan, andsinceJeffistallerthanMarissa,hetoo Davis’sandHiguchi’sstatementsmoststronglysupport mustbeabletotouchtheceilingwhenhe theviewthattheywoulddisagreewitheachother jumps. aboutwhichoneofthefollowing? (B) Byreducingthenumberofcigarettesshe (A) Itispossibletoconsistentlyandreliably smokedperday,Katewasabletorunfive determinetheamountofcompensationowedto miles,andsinceLanasmokesfewercigarettes someonewhosepropertywasdamagedor perdaythanKatenowdoes,shetoomustbe stolen. abletorunfivemiles. (B) Somevictimsareowedincreasedcompensation (C) John’sblood-alcohollevelwasfarabovethe becauseofthegreaterdollarvalueofthe legallimitfordriving,soevenifitturnsout damagedonetotheirproperty. thatPaul’sblood-alcohollevelwaslowerthan (C) Victimswhoaredeprivedoftheirpropertyare John’s,ittoomusthavebeenabovethelegal owedcompensationinproportiontotheharm limit. theyhavesuffered. (D) Thischocolateisnotquitedarkenoughforitto (D) Somevictimsareowedincreasedcompensation bethekindthatLuisreallylikes,butthat becauseofthegreateramountoftimetheyare chocolateoverthereisdarker,soitmightbe deprivedoftheuseoftheirproperty. justright. (E) Thecompensationowedtovictimsshouldbe (E) HealthDairy’ssharpcheddarcheeseislow determinedonacase-by-casebasisratherthan enoughinfattomeetthelabelingstandardfor bysomegeneralrule. “lowfat”cheddarcheese,andsinceitsmild cheddarcheeseisevenlowerinfat,ittoomust 14. Resident:Residentsofthislocaleshouldnotconsider meetthelabelingstandard. theirlossoffarmingasawayoflifetobea tragedy.Whenthisareawasaruralareaitwas 12. Essayist:PeopleoncebelievedthatEarthwasatthe economicallydepressed,butitisnowagrowing centeroftheuniverse,andthat,therefore,Earth bastionofhigh-techindustrywithhigh-wage anditsinhabitantswereimportant.Wenowknow jobs,andsupportsover20timesthenumberof thatEarthrevolvesaroundastarattheoutskirts jobsitdidthen. ofaspiralarmofoneofcountlessgalaxies. Therefore,people’soldbeliefthatEarthandits Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,doesthemostto inhabitantswereimportantwasfalse. justifytheconclusionoftheresident’sargument? Aflawintheessayist’sargumentisthattheargument (A) Farmingisbecomingincreasinglyefficient,with theresultthatfewerfarmsarerequiredto (A) presumes,withoutprovidingjustification,that producethesameamountoffood. onlytruestatementscanhavegoodreasonsto (B) Thedevelopmentofhigh-techindustryismore bebelieved valuabletonationalsecuritythanisfarming. (B) neglectstoconsiderthatastatementthatwas (C) Residentsofthislocaledonotvaluearuralway believedforquestionablereasonsmay oflifemorethantheyvalueeconomic neverthelesshavebeentrue prosperity. (C) failstoconsiderthattherecanbenoreasonfor (D) Manyresidentsofthislocalehaveannual disbelievingatruestatement incomesthataretwicewhattheywerewhen (D) overlooksthefactthatpeople’sperceptionof thelocalewasprimarilyagricultural. theirimportancechangedfromcenturyto (E) Thelossofafamilyfarmisoftenperceivedas century tragicevenwhennofinancialhardshipresults. (E) neglectsthefactthatpeople’sperceptionof theirimportancevariesfromculturetoculture GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE. B -8- 15. Kendrick:Governmentsthattrytopreventcigarettes 16. Environmentalist:Manypeopleprefertoliveinregions frombeingadvertisedarejustifiedindoingso, ofnaturalbeauty.Suchregionsoftenexperience sincesuchadvertisementsencouragepeopleto aninfluxofnewresidents,andagrowing engageinanunhealthypractice.Butcigarette populationencouragesbusinessestorelocateto advertisementsshouldremainlegalsince thoseregions.Thus,governmentallymandated advertisementsforfattyfoodsarelegal,even environmentalprotectioninregionsofnatural thoughthoseadvertisementsalsoencourage beautycanhelpthoseregions’economiesoverall, peopletoengageinunhealthypractices. evenifsuchprotectionharmssomeolderlocal Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsto industries. resolvetheapparentconflictbetweenKendrick’s Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhich statements? theenvironmentalist’sargumentdepends? (A) Anyadvertisementthatencouragespeopleto (A) Regionsofnaturalbeautytypicallyarebeautiful engageinanunhealthypracticeshouldbe enoughtoattractnewresidentsonlyuntil madeillegal,eventhoughthelegalityofsome governmentallymandatedenvironmental suchadvertisementsiscurrently protectionthatdamageslocalindustriesis uncontroversial. imposed. (B) Theadvertisementoffatteningfoods,unlikethat (B) Theeconomiesofmostregionsofnatural ofcigarettes,shouldnotbeprevented,because beautyarenotbasedprimarilyonlocal fatteningfoods,unlikecigarettes,arenot industriesthatwouldbeharmedby addictive. governmentallymandatedenvironmental (C) Mostadvertisementsshouldbelegal,although protection. advertisersarealwaysmorallyresponsiblefor (C) Ifgovernmentallymandatedenvironmental ensuringthattheiradvertisementsdonot protectionhelpsaregion’seconomy,itdoesso encouragepeopletoengageinunhealthy primarilybyencouragingpeopletomoveinto practices. thatregion. (D) Governmentsshouldtrytopreventthe (D) Voluntaryenvironmentalprotectionusuallydoes advertisementofcigarettesbymeansof nothelparegion’seconomytothedegreethat financialdisincentivesratherthanbylegal governmentallymandatedprotectiondoes. prohibition. (E) Afactorharmfultosomeolderlocalindustries (E) Governmentsshouldplacerestrictionson inaregionneednotdiscourageother cigaretteadvertisementssoastokeepthem businessesfromrelocatingtothatregion. fromencouragingpeopletoengagein unhealthypractices,butshouldnottryto preventsuchadvertisements. GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE. B -9- 17. Nosmallcountriesandnocountriesinthesouthern 19. Marc:Thefactthatthepeopleofourcountrylook hemispherehavepermanentseatsontheUnited backonthepastwithagreatdealofnostalgia NationsSecurityCouncil.Eachofthefivecountries demonstratesthattheyregrettherecent withapermanentseatontheSecurityCouncilisin revolution. favorofincreasedinternationalpeacekeepingefforts Robert:Theyarenotnostalgicfortherecentpast,but andagreaterrolefortheUnitedNationsinmoderating forthedistantpast,whichtheprerevolutionary regionaldisputes.However,somecountriesthatarein regimedespised;thisindicatesthatalthoughthey favorofincreasedinternationalpeacekeepingefforts aretroubled,theydonotregrettherevolution. arefirmlyagainstincreasedspendingonrefugeesby theUnitedNations. Theirdialogueprovidesthemostsupportfortheclaim thatMarcandRobertagreethatthepeopleoftheir Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,whichoneofthe country followingmustalsobetrue? (A) tendtounderratepastproblemswhenthe (A) SomesmallcountriesdonotwanttheUnited countryfacestroublingtimes Nationstoincreaseitsspendingonrefugees. (B) arelookingtothepastforsolutionstothe (B) Somecountriesinthesouthernhemisphereare country’scurrentproblems notinfavorofincreasedinternational (C) arelikelytorepeatformermistakesiftheylook peacekeepingefforts. tothecountry’spastforsolutionstocurrent (C) Somecountriesthathavepermanentseatsonthe problems UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilareagainst (D) areconcernedaboutthecountry’scurrent increasedspendingonrefugeesbytheUnited situationandthisisevidencedbytheir Nations. nostalgia (D) Somesmallcountriesareinfavorofagreater (E) tendtobemostnostalgicforthethingsthatare rolefortheUnitedNationsinmoderating thefarthestintheirpast regionaldisputes. (E) Somecountriesthatareinfavorofagreater 20. Socialcritic:Oneofthemostimportantwaysinwhich rolefortheUnitedNationsinmoderating asocietysocializeschildrenisbymakingthem regionaldisputesarenotlocatedinthe feelashamedoftheirimmoralbehavior.Butin southernhemisphere. manypeoplethisshameresultsindeepfeelings ofguiltandself-loathingthatcanbeasevere 18. Editorial:Itisclearthatwhatiscalled“health hardship.Thus,moralsocializationhashadanet education”isusuallypropagandaratherthan effectofincreasingthetotalamountofsuffering. education.Propagandaandeducationarenever thesamething.Theformerisnothingbutan Thesocialcritic’sargumentismostvulnerableto attempttoinfluencebehaviorthroughthe criticismonthegroundsthatit repetitionofsimplisticslogans,whereasthelatter (A) overlooksthepossibilitythatthepurported neverinvolvessuchamethod.Thougheducation sourceofaproblemcouldbemodifiedtoavoid doesattempttoinfluencebehavior,itdoessoby thatproblemwithoutbeingeliminated offeringinformationinallitscomplexity,leaving altogether ituptotheindividualtodecidehowtoacton (B) failstoaddressadequatelythepossibilitythat thatinformation.Sadly,however,propagandais onephenomenonmaycausallycontributeto muchmoresuccessfulthaneducation. theoccurrenceofanother,eventhoughthetwo Theconclusiondrawnbytheeditorialfollowslogically phenomenadonotalwaysoccurtogether ifitisassumedthatwhatiscalled“healtheducation” (C) presumes,withoutprovidingjustification,thata usually phenomenonthatsupposedlyincreasesthetotal amountofsufferinginasocietyshould (A) doesnotleaveituptotheindividualtodecide thereforebechangedoreliminated,regardless howtoactoninformation ofitsbeneficialconsequences (B) doesnotofferinformationinallitscomplexity (D) takesforgrantedthatabehaviorthatsometimes (C) doesnotinvolvetherepetitionofsimplistic leadstoacertainphenomenoncannotalso slogans significantlyreducetheoveralloccurrenceof (D) attemptstoinfluencebehaviorsolelyby thatphenomenon repeatingsimplisticslogans (E) presumes,withoutprovidingjustification,thatif (E) isverysuccessfulininfluencingpeople’s manypeoplehaveanegativepsychological behavior reactiontoaphenomenon,thennoonecan haveapositivereactiontothatphenomenon GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE. B -10- 21. Curator:Amagazinerecentlyranaverymisleading 22. Allparrotscanlearntospeakafewwordsandphrases. storyonthereactionoflocalresidentstoour Notallparrotshaveequallypleasantdispositions, controversialartexhibit.Theyquotedthe thoughsomeofthosenativetoAustraliacanbe responsesofthreeresidents,allofwhom countedonforasweettemper.Almostanyparrot, expressedasenseofmoraloutrage.These however,willshowtremendousaffectionforanowner quotationswereintendedtosuggestthatmost whoraisedthebirdfromachickbyhand-feedingit. localresidentsopposetheexhibit;thestoryfailed Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,thenwhichoneofthe tomention,however,thefactthatthethree followingmustbetrue? residentsareallclosefriends. (A) Someparrotsthatcanlearntospeakaresweet Whichoneofthefollowingprinciplesmosthelpsto tempered. justifythecurator’sargumentation? (B) IfaparrotisnotnativetoAustralia,thenitwill (A) Itismisleadingtopresenttheopinionsof besweettemperedonlyifitishand-fedasa peoplewithnospecialexpertiseonasubjectas chick. thoughtheywereexperts. (C) Thesweetest-temperedparrotsarethosenative (B) Itismisleadingtopresenttheopinionsof toAustralia. peopleononlyonesideofanissuewhenthe (D) Australiaistheonlyplacewhereonecanfind populationislikelytobeevenlydividedon birdsthatcanbothlearntospeakandberelied thatissue. onforasweettemper. (C) Itismisleadingtopresenttheopinionsofafew (E) Allspeciesofpetbirdsthatarenativeto peopleasevidenceofwhatthemajoritythinks Australiacanbecountedonforasweet unlesstheopinionstheyexpressarewidely temper. held. (D) Itismisleadingtopresenttestimonyfromclose 23. Toxicologist:Recentresearchhasshownthatdioxin friendsandtherebyimplythattheymustagree causescancerinrats.Althoughsimilarresearch witheachother. hasneverbeendoneonhumans,andprobably (E) Itismisleadingtopresenttheopinionsofa neverwillbe,theuseofdioxinshouldbe potentiallynonrepresentativesampleofpeople completelybanned. asiftheyrepresentpublicopinion. Thatdioxincausescancerinratsfiguresinthe argumentinwhichoneofthefollowingways? (A) Itispresentedasthehazardthattheresearcher isconcernedwithpreventing. (B) Itispresentedasabenefitofnotactingonthe recommendationintheconclusion. (C) Itispresentedasevidencefortheclaimthat similarresearchwillneverbedoneonhumans. (D) Itispresentedasafindingthatmotivatesthe courseofactionadvocatedintheconclusion. (E) Itispresentedasevidencefortheclaimthat similarresearchhasneverbeendoneon humans. GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE. B -11- 24. Politician:Thelawshouldnotrequirepeopletowear 25. Buryingbeetlesdowhatevertheycantominimizethe seatbeltsincars.Peopleareallowedtoride sizeoftheircompetitors’broodswithoutadversely motorcycleswithoutseatbelts,andridinga affectingtheirown.Thisiswhytheyroutinelydestroy motorcycleevenwhilewearingaseatbeltwould eachother’seggswhentwoormorebeetlesinhabitthe bemoredangerousthanridinginacarwithout samebreedinglocation.Yet,aftertheeggshatch,the wearingone. adultstreatallofthelarvaeequally,sharinginthecare Whichoneofthefollowingargumentsismostsimilar oftheentirepopulation. initsflawedreasoningtothepolitician’sargument? Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsto (A) MarielleandPatshouldallowtheirchildrento explainburyingbeetles’apparentlycontradictory havesnacksbetweenmeals.Theycurrently behavior? allowtheirchildrentohavealargedessert (A) Buryingbeetleswhoseeggshatchbeforetheir afterdinner,andallowingthemtohavesnacks competitors’aremorelikelytohavelarge betweenmealsinsteadwouldimprovetheir broodsthanareburyingbeetleswhoseeggs nutrition. hatchlater. (B) Anycorporationshouldallowitsemployeesto (B) Thecooperationamongadultburyingbeetles taketimeoffwhentheyareundertoomuch ensuresthatthegreatestpossiblenumberof stresstoconcentrateontheirwork.Some larvaesurvive. corporationsallowanyemployeewithabad (C) Buryingbeetlesareunabletodiscriminate coldtotaketimeoff,andevenahealthy betweentheirownlarvaeandthelarvaeof employeeunderstressmaybelessproductive otherburyingbeetles. thananunstressedemployeewithabadcold. (D) Manyofthenaturalenemiesofburyingbeetles (C) Amusementparksshouldallowpeopletostand canberepelledonlyifburyingbeetles whileridingrollercoasters.Itislegalfor cooperateindefendingthebreedingsite. peopletostandattheedgesofhighcliffs,and (E) Mostbreedingsitesforburyingbeetlescan evensittingattheedgeofahighcliffismore accommodateonlyalimitednumberoflarvae. likelytoresultinafatalfallthanstanding whileridingarollercoaster. (D) Itshouldbeillegalforanyonetosmokeina publicplace,foritcertainlyshouldbeillegalto pollutepublicdrinkingwater,andsmoking evenintheprivacyofone’shomecanbemore harmfultothehealthofothersthanpolluting theirwaterwouldbe. (E) Vanessashouldbeallowedtoletherdogrun aroundintheparkwithoutaleash.Shealready letsthedogroamaroundheryardwithouta leash,andtheparkdiffersfromheryardonly insize. S T O P IFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY. DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST. C -24- Time—35minutes 26Questions Directions: Thequestionsinthissectionarebasedonthereasoningcontainedinbriefstatementsorpassages.Forsome questions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer;that is,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion.Youshouldnotmakeassumptionsthatareby commonsensestandardsimplausible,superfluous,orincompatiblewiththepassage.Afteryouhavechosenthebestanswer, blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet. 1. Thedevelopmentofnewinventionsispromotedbythe 2. TheFenwicksreturnedhomefromatriptofindtwo grantingofpatentrights,whichrestricttherightof brokenbottlesontheirkitchenfloor.Therewasnosign anyonebutthepatentholderstoprofitfromthese offorcedentryandnothinginthehouseappearedto inventionsforaspecifiedperiod.Withoutpatentrights, havebeentaken.AlthoughtheFenwickshaveapetcat anyonecouldsimplycopyanother’sinvention; thathadfreerunofthehousewhiletheywereaway, consequently,inventorswouldhavenofinancial theFenwickshypothesizedthattheyhadleftaback incentiveforinvestingthetimeandenergyrequiredto doorunlockedandthatneighborhoodchildrenhad developnewproducts.Thus,itisimportanttocontinue enteredthroughit,attemptedtoraidthekitchen,and tograntpatentrights,orelsenoonewillengagein leftafterbreakingthebottles. originaldevelopmentandconsequentlynonew Eachofthefollowing,iftrue,helpstosupportthe inventionswillbeforthcoming. Fenwicks’hypothesisEXCEPT: Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhich (A) AneighborthoughthehadseentheFenwicks’ theargumentdepends? backdoorclosingwhiletheFenwickswere (A) Financialrewardistheonlyincentivethatwill away. beeffectiveinmotivatingpeopletodevelop (B) WhentheFenwicksreturnedhome,theyfound newinventions. children’sfootprintsonthebackporchthathad (B) Whenaninventorsellspatentrightstoa notbeentherebeforetheirtrip. manufacturer,themanufacturermakeslesstotal (C) ThetwobottlesthattheFenwicksfoundbroken profitontheinventionthantheinventordoes. ontheirkitchenfloorhadbeeninthe (C) Anycostsincurredbyatypicalinventorin refrigeratorwhentheFenwickslefton applyingforpatentrightsareinsignificantin vacation. comparisontothefinancialbenefitofholding (D) Therehavebeenseveralrecentburglariesinthe thepatentrights. Fenwicks’neighborhoodinwhich (D) Patentrightsshouldbegrantedonlyifan neighborhoodchildrenweresuspected. inventor’sproductisnotsimilartoanother (E) TheFenwicksreturnedhomefromtheirtrip inventionalreadycoveredbypatentrights. laterthantheyhadplanned. (E) Thelengthofapatentrightisusually proportionaltothecostsinvolvedininventing theproduct. GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.