Low Temperatures and Electric Power. Transmission Motors, Transformers and Other Equipment Cryogenics and Properties of Materials

394 Pages·1970·20.275 MB·English

REFRIGERATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE ET TECHNIQUE DU FROID
Low temperatures
and electric power
Transmission
Motors, transformers and other equipment
Cryogenics and properties of materials
Cryoelectrotechnique
Transport d'electricite
Moteurs, transformateurs et autres equipements
Cryogenie et proprietes des materiaux
PERGAMON PRESS
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Copyright © 1970 Pergamon Press Ltd., and
The International Institute of Refrigeration
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First edition 1970
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 74-143142
Printed in Belgium by Ceuterick
08 016370 X
FOREWORD
MEETING OF COMMISSION I OF THE I.I.R.
LONDON (U.K.)
MARCH 24-28, 1969
Commission I of the 1.1. R. held two symposia from 24-28 March, 1969, in London,
under the general title of "Cryogenics in Fuel and Power Technology". These meetings
reflect the growing importance of cryogenics and refrigeration in the distribution of
natural gas for power supplies, electrical engineering, and future methods for the
distribution of electricity.
One symposium was devoted to "Liquefied Natural Gas" and was attended by
over 400 participants, including 150 visitors to Britain. This conference was organised
by Commission I in conjunction with the British Cryogenics Council, with the assist­
ance of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. The conference on electricity,
"Low Temperatures and Electric Power", was attended by 300 participants, of whom
145 came from 14 different countries outside Britain. This meeting was organised by
Commission I in conjunction with the British Cryogenics Council, with the assistance
of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
The present volume is an account of the meeting on Low Temperatures and
Electric Power, the proceedings of the other symposium are being published separately.
The Commission is much indebted to the organising committee of the meeting*, and
particularly to its Chairman, Professor N. Kurti, F.R.S., for their care and attention
in the planning of the programme.
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE*
Mr. A.D. Appleton (International Research & Development)
Mr. D.R. Edwards (British Insulated Calender's Cables)
Dr. B.B. Goodman (British Oxygen Company)
Dr. J.W.L. Kohler (Philips N.V.)
Prof. N. Kurti, Chairman (University of Oxford)
Mrs. M.K. McQuillan (Imperial Metals Industries)
Dr. W.T. Norris (Central Electricity Research Laboratories)
Dr. T. Raine (Associated Electrical Industries-General Electric Company)
Mr. R.G. Cox, Secretary (Institution of Electrical Engineers)
8
AVANT-PROPOS
REUNION DE LA COMMISSION I DE LI. I. F.
LONDRES (R.U.)
24-28 MARS, 1969
La Commission I de l'l. I. F. a tenu deux reunions du 24 au 28 mars 1969 a Londres,
sous le titre general de « La cryogenie dans la technique des combustibleset de 1 'energie».
Ces reunions refletent l'importance croissante de la cryogenie et du froid dans la
distribution du gaz naturel pour la fourniture d'energie, pour l'electrotechnique et
pour les methodes futures de distribution d'electricite.
Une reunion a ete consacree au gaz naturel liquefie, a laquelle assistaient plus de
400 participants, dbnt 150 non Britanniques. Cette conference a ete organisee par
la Commission I en liaison avec le «British Cryogenics Council)), avec l'appui de
F «Institution of Mechanical Engineers)).
A la reunion sur la «Cryoelectrotechnique» assistaient 300 participants, dont 145
non Britanniques venaient de 14 pays differents. Cette reunion a ete organisee par la
Commission I en liaison avec le «British Cryogenics Council», avec l'appui de
F«Institution of Electrical Engineers)).
Ce volume est le compte rendu de la reunion sur la Cryoelectrotechnique; les
comptes rendus de l'autre reunion seront publies separement. La Commission
exprime ses remerciements au comite d'organisation*, et en particulier a son President,
le Professeur N. Kurti, F.R.S., pour les soins qu'ils ont apportes a l'etablissement
du programme.
COMITE D'ORGANISATION*
Mr. A.D. Appleton (International Research & Development)
Mr. D.R. Edwards (British Insulated Calender's Cables)
Dr. B.B. Goodman (British Oxygen Company)
Dr. J.W.L. Kohler (Philips N.V.)
Prof. N. Kurti, President (University of Oxford)
Mrs. M.K. McQuillan (Imperial Metals Industries)
Dr. W.T. Norris (Central Electricity Research Laboratories)
Dr. T. Raine (Associated Electrical Industries-General Electric Company)
Mr. R.G. Cox, Secretaire (Institution of Electrical Engineers)
9
LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
ALLEMAGNE (Ouest-Rep. Fed.) — GERMANY (West-Fed. Rep.)
BLECHSCHMIDT, H., Diisseldorf LEMMERICH, J., Berlin
BOGNER, G., Erlangen LUCKING, H.W., Koln-Mulheim
BUCHHOLD, T., Wiesbaden SASSIN, W., Jiilich
DOOSE, C, Fuelich SAUR, E.J., Giessen
GANN, A., Stuttgart-Vaihingen SCHEFFLER, E., Hannover
GANSKE, R., Hamburg SCHMIDT, F., Erlangen
HARTWIG, G., Karlsruhe SELLMAIER, A., Hollriegelskreuth
HELLER, L, Aachen VOIGT, H., Frankfurt-Niederrad
HILDEBRANDT, U., Hollriegelskreuth WANSER, G., Hannover
HILLMANN, H., Hanau WEINHOLD, J., Hamburg
KUHLMANN-SCHAEFER
ALLEMAGNE (Est) — GERMANY (East)
BEWILOGUA, L., Dresden MULLER, G., Dresden
HAUNSTEIN, W., Jena NEUBERT, J., Dresden
BELGIQUE — BELGIUM
CODLING, N., Bruxelles LECOINTE, G., Hoboken-Antwerpen
FENEAU, C, Hoboken-Antwerpen
CANADA
CASS-BEGGS, D., Ottawa RINGER, T.R., Ottawa
RAMSHAW, R.S., Waterloo
DANEMARK — DENMARK
BAK, C, Lyngby KOFOED, B., Lyngby
BALSLEV, N., Lyngby
ETATS-UNIS —U.S.A.
ARP, V.D., Boulder DAUNT, J.G., Hoboken
BOOM, R., Madison JEANMONOD, J., Hyde Park
CHELTON, D.B., Boulder LAVA, V.S., Portland
COFFEY, H.T., Menlo Park MATISOO, J., York town Heights
10
MINNICH, S.H., Schenectady STEETER, M.H., Cambridge
NICOL, J., Cambridge WALKER, C, Murray Hill
PASTUHOV, A., Cambridge WATSON, J.H.P., Corning
SNOWDEN, D.P., San Diego WHITMAN, C.H., New York
FRANCE
ADAM, E., Chatou GIRARD, B., Or say
AUPOIX, M., Marcoussis HARPE, A.P. de la, Sassenage
BARRETT, P., Clamart HELLEGOUARC'H, J., Le Bourget
BERTHET, M., Marcoussis LACAZE, A., Grenoble
BLANC, J.M., Chatou LAIR, P., Saint-Ouen
BORDENAVE, J.P., Le Bourget LECOMPTE, J., Grenoble
BRUNEAU, P., Paris LEFEVRE, F., Sassenage
BURNIER, P.H., Massy LEHONGRE, S., Sassenage
CARBONELL, E., Sassenage LESAS, P., Le Bourget
CARVOUNAS, E.G., Jeumont MAILFERT, A., Fontenay-aux-Roses
CHABRERIE, J.P., Fontenay-aux-Roses MARQUET, A., Clamart
CLAUDET, G., Grenoble MOISSON, F., Marcoussis
CROITORU, Z., Clamart NEVEU LEMAIRE, D., Marcoussis
DAMMANN, C, Marcoussis PECH, T., Fontenay-aux-Roses
DELILE, G., Clamart SAMMAN, J., Grenoble
DUBOIS, P., Marcoussis SCHWAB, (Melle) A.M., Clamart
FABRE, J., Paris SHIMAMOTO, S., Gif-sur-Yvette
FALLOU, (Mme) B., Fontenay-aux-Roses STAHL, Bruyeres le Chatel
FERRIER, M., Clamart SYRE, R., Argenteuil
GALAND, J., Fontenay-aux-Roses THOMAS, P., Bruyeres le Chatel
GILCHRIST, J., Grenoble
ITALIE — ITALY
GADDA, E., Milano SACERDOTI, G., Frascati
OCCHINI, E., Milano
JAPON — JAPAN
YAMAMOTO, M., Kawasaki
PAYS-BAS — THE NETHERLANDS
CLAASSENS, A.M.J.M., Delft PRAST, G., Eindhoven
CLASON, R.J., Delft RIEDIJK, W., Eindhoven
DELWEL, J.W., Eindhoven ROMYN, J.G., \s Hertogenbosch
GOEMANS, P.A.F.M., Eindhoven STER, J. van der, Eindhoven
GOLDSCHVARTZ, J.M., Delft VERBEEK, H.J., Eindhoven
KOHLER, J.W.L., Eindhoven VOLGER, J., Eindhoven
LELIE, M.C., Delft WIJKER, W.J., Arnhem
MIJNHEER, A., Eindhoven
11
POLOGNE — POLAND
MAZUR, J., Wroclaw SKOWRONSKI, J.I., Wroclaw
ROYAUME-UNI — UNITED KINGDOM
ALEXANDER, V.J., Gt. Malvern GREEN, I.M., Glasgow
ALHOUSENI, F., St. Andrews GREIG, D., Leeds
ALLAN, R., Manchester GRIGSBY, R., London
APPLETON, A.D., Newcastle-upon-Tyne HANCOX, R., Abingdon
ARTON, K.A.M., Glasgow HARRIS, A.G., Malvern
ASHMOLE, P.H., London HASELDEN, G.G., Leeds
BARBER, A., Birmingham HASELFOOT, A.J., London
BARKER, B., London HAYDEN, J., Cranfield
BATES, J.J., Swindon HENSEL, P., Oxford
BATTAMS, (Miss) P.A., Guildford HLAWICZKA, P., Glasgow
BECKLEY, P., Newport HOULIHAN, J., London
BURTON, R.A., London HUSSEY, R.T., Bath
CAIRNS, D.N.H., Leatherhead INSTONE, C.S., London
CATTERALL, J.A., Teddington JAMES, T., Abingdon
CHESTER, P.F., Capenhurst JEWELL, P., London
CHORLTON, A., London JOHNSON, R.H., London
CHU, S.C., Brims town JONES, J.E., London
CLARKE, M.E., London KENDALL, P.G., Leatherhead
COLYER, B., Didcot KNAPTON, A.G., Manchester
CORNISH, D.N., Abingdon KUGLER, S., London
COUPLAND, J.H., Didcot KURTI, N., Oxford
Cox, J.R., London LANE, F.J., Brighton
CROSSLEY, I., London LAWRENCE, G.S., Southampton
DAVIDSON, D.F., Manchester LAWRENSON, P.J., Leeds
DAWSON, C.N., Brighton LEWIS, D.S.G., London
DUNN, W.I., Glasgow LINDLEY, B.C., Leatherhead
EADIE, G.C., Newport LONDON, H., Harwell
EATWELL, A.J., London LORCH, H.O., Stafford
EDEN, P.M., London MACNAB, R.B., Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
EDWARDS, D.R., London MADDOCK, B.J., Leatherhead
ELLIOTT, J.M., Newcastle-upon-Tyne MALE, J.C., Leatherhead
EVANS, R.M., London MARRIOTT, A.P., Southampton
FEDORKO, G., New Maiden MARTIN, F.P., London
FIRTH, I., St. Andrews MASCHIO, G., Eashleigh
FLEWITT, P.E.J., Cockfosters MCQUILLAN, (Mrs) M.K., Birmingham
FORREST, A., Paisley MEATS, R.J., Leatherhead
FRENCH, R.A., Cuffley MELVILLE, P.H., Leatherhead
FURTADO, C, Oxford MIDDLETON, A.J., Didcot
GARDNER, J.B., London MIDGLEY, F.B., London
GARNELL, A., Walsall MONROE, A.G., London
GAYDON, B.G., Leatherhead MORTON, I.P., Southampton
GOLUB, R., Brighton MORTON, N., Salford
GOODMAN, B.B., London MORTON, P.H., Birmingham
GORE, D.C., London MULHALL, B.E., Newcastle-upon-Tyne
GRAFF, C, Southampton NORRIS, R., Manchester
12
NORRIS, W.T., Leatherhead SMITH, P.F., Chilton
OFTEDAL, E., Sittingbourne SOTT, M., Oxford
PARK, J.G., London SPEAR, C.H., Barnet
PEARCE, D.G., Didcot SPENCE, S.T., Oxford
PLESSNER, K.W., London STEARN, J.W., Malvern
PREECE, C, Durham STEEL, A.J., London
QUAYLE, J.P., London STOVOLD, R.V., Didcot
RAINE, T., Manchester STRANGEWAY, P.J., London
RAY, J.P., Guildford SUTTON, J., Leatherhead
REINECK, K.M., Durham SWIFT, D.A., Leatherhead
RHODES, R.G., Coventry TAYLOR, M.T., Leatherhead
RICHARDS, T.L., London THOMPSON, D.S., Dundee
RICKETSON, B.W.A., Pitchcott TINLIN, F., Newcastle-upon-Tyne
ROBERTS, D.C., London WALKER, A.J., Sittingbourne
ROGERS, E.C., London WALTERS, C.R., Didcot
ROSE, H., Newcastle-upon-Tyne WEEDY, B.M., Southampton
Ross, J.S.H., Newcastle-upon-Tyne WIGLEY, D.A., Southampton
SALDANHA, S.A., Southampton WILKINSON, K.J.R., Rugby
SALIM, A.J., Manchester WILKS, J., Oxford
SALMON, D.R., Teddington WILLIAMS, J.E.C., Oxford
SCURLOCK, R.G., Southampton WILLIAMS, M., Wembley
SHEPPARD, H.J., London WILSON, M.N., Didcot
SMITH, G.A., Leicester ZVEGINTZOV, M., London
SUfiDE — SWEDEN
CARLSSON, R.G.I., Gothenburg HALLENIUS, K.E., Gothenburg
FORSBERG, A.A.E., Malmo MADSEN, K.D., Vasteras
SUISSE — SWITZERLAND
BEBI, H.H., Zurich NEIDHOEFER, G.J., Baden
BENZ, H., Zurich OLSEN, J.L., Zurich
BRATOLJIC, T., Birr SICKENBERG, H., Geneve
FASEL, R., Zurich SMITH, J., Geneve
GUREWITSCH, A.M., Zurich SZASZ, G., Zurich
KULL, U.N., Baden TREPP, C, Winterthur
MARTIN, G., Cossonay VECSEY, G., Zurich
TCHECOSLOVAQUIE — CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CESNAK, L., Bratislava KURKA, J., Pilsen
CHYTRACEK, V., Prague TROCHTA, Z., Bratislava
KAISER, Z., Prague
13
U.R.S.S. —U.S.S.R.
BELIAKOV, Y.P., Moscou PRONKO, V.G., Moscou
EPIFANOVA, (Mrs) V., Moscou SAMOILOV, B.
GRIGORIEV, V., MOSCOU SHURGALSKY, E.F., Moscou
IVANZOV, O.I., Moscou SICHOV, V.V., Moscou
KLIMENKO, E., MOSCOU SYTCHEV, V.
POZVONKOV, F.M., Moscou
I.I.F. — I.I.R.
THEVENOT, R., Directeur
14
SURVEY PAPER
PROBLEMS OF THE ELECTRICAL POWER INDUSTRY
A. CHORLTON
Central Electricity Generating Board, London (United Kingdom)
Problemes de Pindustrie de la production d'electricite
RESUME : Le rapport se limite aux problemes des systemes electriques. II passe d'abord en
revue les facteurs economiques qui ont motive la mise au point du systeme jusqu a son etat
actuel a"integration complete, expliquant la politique de conception du reseau adoptee pour
faire face aux problemes techniques impliques dans Vintegration. On illustre la disposition
fondamentale des reseaux a" integration pour montrer les fonctions impliquees dans la transmission
principale, la sous-transmission et la distribution et pour expliquer le concept du classement de
la tension pour Vexploitation technique et economique des niveaux de courant. On donne les
principales statistiques portant sur Vefftcacite de la transmission et les tendances des inves-
tissements en transmission.
Le rapport considere ensuite en detail les concepts techniques expliquant Vinterdependance
des caracteristiques du materiel et la coordination necessaire pour concilier les besoins contra-
dictoires de stabilite du systeme, de qualite de la tension et des questions de court-circuit et pour
repondre aux besoins de reglage de la frequence et de la tension. On indique les tendances des
caracteristiques du materiel et du systeme avec iaugmentation des dimensions et Vevaluation
et le role joue par la resistance et la reactance dans le comportement dynamique du systeme.
Le rapport etudie finalement les besoins et les problemes futurs. II examine la possibilite de
developpement permise par la tension actuelle de transmission de 400 kV et combien les pra
tiques de conception classiques repondraient aux besoins du reseau de distribution, les problemes
particuliers poses par V utilisation croissante de cables sou terrains pour la transmission princi-
pale et secondaire et les perspectives de la transmission de courant continu dans ces conditions.
On examine Vintegration des chaines de transmission de courant continu a usage special a la
lumiere de leurs caracteristiques de fonctionnement particulieres et Vinfluence qui en resulte
sur le comportement dynamique du systeme hy bride. On fait ressortir le probleme fondamental
d'harmoniser des appareils de caracteristiques radicalement dijferentes dans le systeme de
courant alternatif integre classique comme base de Vexamen des perspectives d'application des
techniques supraconductrices.
Le rapport conclut par des remarques sur les problemes de mise au point des systemes et
sur les pratiques en cours au Royaume- Uni en comparaison des autres pays.
INTRODUCTION
When I was invited to present this survey I took comfort in the thought that
the broadness of the title gave me licence to confine my examination to some problems
of the electrical power industry—I certainly could not deal with all of them.
I shall deal with engineering problems in the planning and design of the integrated
grid and supergrid systems for England and Wales, recognising that many of the
technical constraints imposed apply also to other systems, although with varying
degrees of influence.
I shall first briefly review the background to the emerging system, outlining the
planning and design philosophy, and then dwell in some detail on the technical
constraints—because these constraints condition development of systems and proper
understanding of them is essential to any consideration of system economics.
I shall conclude with a look ahead at the more distant future, which is always
risky, examining system development potential and problems, based on current
technology.
BACKGROUND TO THE EMERGING SYSTEM
The high-voltage 'transmission grid' is a feature common to public electric
supply systems of most industrialised countries. In many of these countries the
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